Fig. 1

Study design. aThe follow-up ends at the earliest occurrence of the outcome, or at inpatient death, disenrollment, a maximum of 360 days, or the end of the study period. COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, ICS inhaled corticosteroid, LABA long-acting β2-agonist, LAMA long-acting muscarinic antagonist, Tio tiotropium, Tio/Olo tiotropium/olodaterol