No. (%)* | |||
---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Training set (n = 616) | Validation set (n = 264) | P |
IPA | 59 (9.6) | 24 (9.1) | 0.821 |
Age, years | |||
Mean ± SD | 75 ± 10.8 | 75 ± 10.6 | 0.936 |
Gender male | 525 (85.2) | 222 (84.1) | 0.666 |
Smoking index > 400 | 113 (18.3) | 59 (22.3) | 0.170 |
Comorbidities | |||
Previous tuberculosis | 37 (6) | 21 (8) | 0.286 |
Lung cancer | 25 (4.1) | 17 (6.4) | 0.129 |
Bronchiectasis | 8 (1.3) | 7(2.7) | 0.163 |
Asthma | 18 (2.9) | 14 (5.3) | 0.084 |
Lobectomy surgery | 13 (2.1) | 10 (3.8) | 0.153 |
Other solid tumor | 23 (3.7) | 13 (4.9) | 0.414 |
Hypertension | 297 (48.2) | 123 (46.6) | 0.659 |
Diabetes mellitus | 94 (15.3) | 43 (16.3) | 0.700 |
Congestive heart failure | 119 (19.3) | 72 (27.3) | 0.009 |
Chronic and acute kidney disease | 44 (7.1) | 15 (5.7) | 0.427 |
Advanced liver disease | 8 (1.3) | 1 (0.4) | 0.292 |
Connective tissue disease | 13 (2.1) | 7 (2.7) | 0.622 |
Laboratory results | |||
Serum albumin < 30 g/L ‡ | 151 (24.5) | 70 (26.5) | 0.530 |
GOLD III–IV§ | 409 (66.4) | 177 (67) | 0.852 |
Respiratory failure | 129 (20.9) | 74 (28) | 0.022 |
Co-infection | |||
Lung bacterial infection | 100 (16.2) | 54 (20.5) | 0.131 |
Pulmonary tuberculosis | 12 (19.5) | 4 (1.6) | 0.788 |
Previous treatment | |||
Inhale corticosteroids | 124 (20.1) | 47 (17.8) | 0.424 |
Oral or intravenous corticosteroids | 59 (9.6) | 36 (13.6) | 0.075 |
Cytotoxic drug utility | 2 (0.3) | 4 (1.5) | 0.070 |
Broad-spectrum antibiotic > 10 days | 45 (7.3) | 28 (10.6) | 0.104 |
Invasive ventilator utility | 49 (8) | 28 (10.6) | 0.202 |
ICU admission 1 month prior | 54 (8.8) | 39 (14.8) | 0.008 |
Hospital acute exacerbation ≥ 2/year | 111 (18) | 51 (19.3) | 0.649 |