From: An updated overview of e-cigarette impact on human health
Hazardous compounds | E-Cigarette–only users | Dual users | Non-smoker controls | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Range | Median | Range | Median | Range | |
PMA (ng/mg of creatinine; benzene) | 0 | 0–2.0 | 0.2** | 0–2.4 | 0 | 0–0.1 |
HEMA (ng/mg of creatinine; ethylene oxide) | 0.5 | 0–7.6 | 1.0* | 0–8.2 | 1.3 | 0–4.0 |
CNEMA (ng/mg of creatinine; acrylonitrile) | 1.3 | 0–108.4 | 59.4** | 3.7–142.6 | 0** | 0–1.6 |
3-HPMA (ng/mg of creatinine; acrolein) | 254.3 | 0–2311.6 | 439.7* | 153.6–814.4 | 192.8* | 0–1416.4 |
2-HPMA (ng/mg of creatinine; propylene oxide) | 28.8 | 0–1382.6 | 40.2 | 10.2–310.9 | 15.2** | 0–34.5 |
AAMA (ng/mg of creatinine; acrylamide) | 67.3 | 0–581.2 | 235.6** | 41.4–574.7 | 34.5** | 0–182.0 |
HMPMA (ng/mg of creatinine; crotonaldehyde) | 148.7 | 0–793.4 | 185.4 | 110.0–437.9 | 100.4* | 0–522.1 |