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Table 1 Urine levels of metabolites of hazardous compounds in e-cigarette-only users versus dual users and non-smokers

From: An updated overview of e-cigarette impact on human health

Hazardous compounds

E-Cigarette–only users

Dual users

Non-smoker controls

Median

Range

Median

Range

Median

Range

PMA (ng/mg of creatinine; benzene)

0

0–2.0

0.2**

0–2.4

0

0–0.1

HEMA (ng/mg of creatinine; ethylene oxide)

0.5

0–7.6

1.0*

0–8.2

1.3

0–4.0

CNEMA (ng/mg of creatinine; acrylonitrile)

1.3

0–108.4

59.4**

3.7–142.6

0**

0–1.6

3-HPMA (ng/mg of creatinine; acrolein)

254.3

0–2311.6

439.7*

153.6–814.4

192.8*

0–1416.4

2-HPMA (ng/mg of creatinine; propylene oxide)

28.8

0–1382.6

40.2

10.2–310.9

15.2**

0–34.5

AAMA (ng/mg of creatinine; acrylamide)

67.3

0–581.2

235.6**

41.4–574.7

34.5**

0–182.0

HMPMA (ng/mg of creatinine; crotonaldehyde)

148.7

0–793.4

185.4

110.0–437.9

100.4*

0–522.1

  1. The concentrations of metabolites were normalised to creatinine values. PMA phenylmercapturic acid (metabolite of benzene), HEMA 2-hydroxyethylmercapturic acid (metabolite of ethylene oxide), CNEMA 2 cyanoethylmercapturic acid (metabolite of acrylonitrile), 3-HPMA 3 hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (metabolite of acrolein), 2-HPMA 2-hydroxypropylmercapturic acid (metabolite of propylene oxide), AAMA 2-carbamoylethylmercapturic acid (metabolite of acrylamide), HMPMA 3-hydroxy-1-methylpropylmercapturic acid (metabolite of crotonaldehyde)
  2. *P < 0.05 or **P < 0.01 versus e-cigarette–only users’ group. Data adapted from Rubinstein et al. [9]