Table 1 Baseline descriptive characteristics of the patients included in the study
Characteristics | Patients with OSA | Patients without OSA | P-value$ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (N = 232) | Mild OSA (N = 86) | Moderate OSA (N = 78) | Severe OSA (N = 68) | N = 30 | ||
5 ≤ AHI < 15 | 15 ≤ AHI < 30 | AHI ≥ 30 | ||||
Age (mean ± SD) | 54.9 ± 13.1 | 51.5 ± 14.4 | 54.8 ± 10.3 | 58.3 ± 13.6 | 47.9 ± 13.1 | 0.004# |
Gender [N, (% male)] | 182 (78.4) | 61 (70.9) | 63 (80.8) | 58 (85.3) | 15 (50) | 0.001§ |
Pack years (mean ± SD) | 17.3 ± 24.4 | 12.8 ± 17.9 | 16.1 ± 22.9 | 22.6 ± 31.0 | 14.6 ± 15.1 | 0.675# |
BMI (mean ± SD) | 31.3 ± 5.7 | 29.9 ± 5.6 | 31.2 ± 5.1 | 32.5 ± 6.6 | 26.5 ± 4.6 | < 0.001# |
ODI (mean ± SD) | 18.1/h ± 15.3 | 8.1/ h ± 5.9 | 18.3/h ± 12.0 | 41.1 ± 18.1 | 2.3/h ± 2.2 | < 0.001# |
AHI (mean ± SD) | 25.8/h ± 19.0 | 10.28/h ± 2.90 | 20.81/h ± 4.19 | 49.56/h ± 17.31 | 2.6/h ± 1.4 | < 0.001# |
Treatment* | ||||||
Clopidogrel, Prasugrel | 46/224 (20.5%) | 12/75 (16.0%) | 15/74 (20.3%) | 16/67 (23.9%) | 2/30 (6.7%) | 0.082§ |
Diuretic | 40/223 (17.9%) | 10/75 (13.3%) | 12/73 (16.4%) | 17/67 (25.4%) | 3/30 (10.0%) | 0.436§ |
Statin | 62/225 (27.5%) | 13/75 (17.3%) | 22/74 (29.7%) | 26/68 (38.2%) | 3/30 (10.0%) | 0.044§ |
ACE I | 85/222 (38.3%) | 24/74 (32.4%) | 26/73 (35.6%) | 33/67 (49.3%) | 5/30 (16.7%) | 0.025§ |
Calcium Antagonists | 25/220 (11.4%) | 5/74 (6.8%) | 11/72 (15.3%) | 7/66 (10.6%) | 2/30 (6.7%) | 0.752§ |
Beta Blocker | 52/222 (23.4%) | 13/75 (17.3%) | 18/73 (24.7%) | 19/66 (28.8%) | 3/29 (10.3%) | 0.151§ |
Oral Antidiabetic | 33/224 (14.7%) | 5/75 (6.7%) | 10/74 (13.5%) | 16/67 (23.9%) | 1/30 (3.3%) | 0.147§ |
Insulin | 6/224 (2.7%) | 1/75 (1.3%) | 3/74 (4.1%) | 2/67 (3.0%) | 1/30 (3.3%) | 0.590§ |
Anti-depressive | 37/224 (16.5%) | 16/75 (21.3%) | 11/74 (14.9%) | 8/67 (11.9%) | 6/30 (20.0%) | 0.609§ |
Sedatives | 23/222 (10.4%) | 9/74 (12.2%) | 7/73 (9.6%) | 5/67 (7.5%) | 8/30 (26.7%) | 0.018§ |
Comorbidities* | ||||||
Cerebrovascular disease | 14/229 (6.1%) | 7/76 (9.2%) | 3/77 (3.9%) | 4/68 (5.9%) | 1/30 (3.3%) | 0.706§ |
Heart failure | 12/239 (5.2%) | 2/76 (2.6%) | 1/78 (1.3%) | 8/67 (11.9%) | 1/30 (3.3%) | 0.722§ |
Myocardial infarction | 10/230 (4.4%) | 1/76 (1.3%) | 4/78 (5.1%) | 4/68 (5.9%) | 1/30 (3.3%) | 1.000§ |
Gastric ulcer | 10/230 (4.4%) | 1/76 (1.3%) | 4/78 (5.1%) | 5/68 (7.4%) | 1/30 (3.3%) | 1.000§ |
Arterial hypertension | 108/230 (47.0%) | 28/76 (36.8%) | 39/78 (50.0%) | 38/68 (55.9%) | 7/30 (23.3%) | 0.018§ |
Coronary artery disease | 20/230 (8.7%) | 4/76 (5.3%) | 6/78 (7.7%) | 9/68 (13.2%) | 1/30 (3.3%) | 0.484§ |
Alcohol dependence | 10/230 (4.4%) | 2/76 (2.6%) | 2/78 (2.6%) | 5/68 (7.4%) | 1/30 (3.3%) | 1.000§ |
COPD | 10/230 (4.4%) | 1/76 (1.3%) | 2/78 (2.6%) | 6/68 (8.8%) | 0/30 (0%) | 0.611§ |
Allergy | 37/229 (16.2%) | 18/75 (24.0%) | 9/78 (11.5%) | 8/68 (11.8%) | 6/30 (20.0%) | 0.603§ |
Diabetes mellitus | 40/230 (17.4%) | 8/76 (10.5%) | 13/78 (16.7%) | 17/68 (25.0%) | 4/30 (13.3%) | 0.796§ |
Sleep characteristics * | ||||||
Snoring | 211/225 (93.7%) | 68/75 (90.7%) | 74/77 (96.1%) | 61/65 (93.8%) | 23/30 (76.7%) | 0.006§ |
Breathing pauses | 150/222 (67.6%) | 48/74 (64.9%) | 52/75 (69.3%) | 48/65 (73.8%) | 14/28 (50.0%) | 0.090§ |
Insomnia | 39/222 (17.6%) | 16/77 (20.8%) | 10/73 (13.7%) | 12/64 (18.8%) | 10/30 (33.3%) | 0.050§ |
Restless legs | 23/219 (10.0%) | 7/74 (9.5%) | 8/73 (11.0%) | 7/64 (10.9%) | 5/28 (17.9%) | 0.336§ |
Nycturia | 101/221 (45.7%) | 36/75 (48.0%) | 31/75 (41.3%) | 30/63 (47.6%) | 9/30 (30.0%) | 0.119§ |
Headache | 40/217 (18.4%) | 14/73 (19.2%) | 15/74 (20.3%) | 11/63 (17.5%) | 8/27 (29.6%) | 0.198§ |
ESS [median, (IQR)] | 10.0 (6.0–13.0) | 9.0 (6.0–13.0) | 9.0 (6.0–13.0) | 11.5 (5.75–13.25) | 12.0 (5.0–14.0) | 0.215# |
Sleep duration (hours) (mean ± SD) | 7.4 ± 1.5 | 7.2 ± 1.5 | 7.3 ± 1.6 | 7.5 ± 1.5 | 7.3 ± 1.7 | 0.770# |
Sleep latency (min) | 15.6 ± 19.5 | 16.8 ± 21.2 | 15.9 ± 21.3 | 13.7 ± 15.7 | 35.4 ± 60.9 | 0.061# |