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Table 1 Preoperative characteristics of the study patients

From: Development and performance assessment of novel machine learning models to predict pneumonia after liver transplantation

Variables

Patients without pneumonia (n = 338)

Patients with pneumonia (n = 253)

P_value

Gender

  

0.377

 Male

303 (0.896)

220 (0.87)

 

 Female

35 (0.104)

33 (0.13)

 

Height (cm)

168.45 (6.285)

167.812 (13.067)

0.997

Weight (kg)

64.803 (11.661)

65.24 (10.416)

0.373

Body Mass Index

22.836 (3.676)

22.855 (3.521)

0.527

Age (y)

50.68 (11.129)

50.423 (10.794)

0.778

Comorbidities

 Hypertension (n)

30 (0.089)

28 (0.111)

0.455

 Diabetes mellitus (n)

54 (0.16)

30 (0.119)

0.194

 Myocardial infarction (n)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1

 Coronary artery disease (n)

5 (0.015)

1 (0.004)

0.376

 History of smoking (n)

86 (0.254)

72 (0.285)

0.468

 Alcohol abuse (n)

88 (0.26)

51 (0.202)

0.117

 Previous surgical history (n)

20 (0.059)

24 (0.095)

0.14

Etiology for liver transplantation

 Hepatitis B (n)

252 (0.746)

196 (0.775)

0.471

 Hepatitis C (n)

8 (0.024)

3 (0.012)

0.457

 Dual infection (n)

4 (0.012)

2 (0.008)

0.955

 Hepatic malignancy (n)

129 (0.382)

123 (0.486)

0.014

 Drug-induced liver injury (n)

5 (0.015)

2 (0.008)

0.703

 Alcohol-related liver disease (n)

16 (0.047)

5 (0.02)

0.117

 Auto-immune hepatitis (n)

1 (0.003)

2 (0.008)

0.801

 Hepatolenticular degeneration (n)

2 (0.006)

4 (0.016)

0.44

 Hemochromatosis (n)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1

Laboratory results

 Hematocrit (HCT)

0.323 (0.082)

0.299 (0.071)

< 0.001

 Platelets (109/L)

99.935 (85.816)

104.597 (75.634)

0.105

 WBC (109/L)

6.844 (5.013)

7.344 (4.183)

0.002

 WBC > 11.2 * 109/L (n)

45 (0.133)

33 (0.13)

0.979

 ALT (U/L)

99.251 (201.942)

192.17 (609.322)

0.046

 AST (U/L)

124.861 (223.034)

268.905 (850.699)

0.625

 TBIL (μmol/L)

224.753 (262.801)

263.291 (256.749)

0.008

 IBIL (μmol/L)

92.198 (96.445)

88.781 (106.336)

0.071

 ALB (g/L)

36.71 (5.009)

35.73 (4.953)

0.008

 Last SCr (μmol/L)

89.571 (71.798)

92.911 (76.955)

0.675

 BUN (mmol/L)

6.539 (5.074)

6.214 (5.313)

0.356

 PT (s)

23.411 (13.079)

25.313 (12.233)

0.005

 APTT (s)

51.496 (20.168)

54.365 (18.819)

0.006

 FIB (g/L)

1.904 (1.226)

2.324 (1.792)

0.001

 INR

2.163 (1.651)

2.396 (1.505)

0.003

 Serum potassium (mmol/L)

3.865 (0.509)

3.829 (0.497)

0.396

 Serum sodium (mmol/L)

138.338 (5.065)

139.489 (5.409)

0.015

 Serum calcium (mmol/L)

2.328 (0.217)

2.35 (0.209)

0.106

 HCO3− (mmol/L)

22.698 (3.563)

23.21 (6.124)

0.551

Complications and treatments

 MELD score

16 (9–29)

30 (17–38)

< 0.001

 Cirrhosis (n)

273 (0.808)

190 (0.751)

0.12

 Primary biliary cirrhosis (n)

3 (0.009)

1 (0.004)

0.83

 Alcoholic liver cirrhosis (n)

10 (0.03)

3 (0.012)

0.242

 Hepato-renal syndrome (n)

12 (0.036)

9 (0.036)

0.826

 Hepatopulmonary syndrome (n)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1

 Hepatic encephalopathy (n)

69 (0.204)

59 (0.233)

0.455

 Portal hypertension (n)

180 (0.533)

119 (0.47)

0.158

 Ascites (n)

137 (0.405)

95 (0.375)

0.516

 Preoperative length of stay (d)

12 (4–27)

3 (0–15)

< 0.001

 Preoperative ICU stay (n)

185 (0.547)

147 (0.581)

0.464

 Preoperative dialysis (n)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.008)

0.357

 Preoperative continuous blood purification

51 (0.151)

32 (0.126)

0.468

 Mechanical ventilation (n)

19 (0.056)

10 (0.04)

0.461

 Hypokalemia (n)

81 (0.24)

59 (0.233)

0.933

 Hyperkalemia (n)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1

 Hyponatremia (n)

81 (0.24)

36 (0.142)

0.005

 Hypernatremia (n)

15 (0.044)

24 (0.095)

0.023

 Hypocalcemia (n)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1

 Hypercalcemia (n)

13 (0.038)

11 (0.043)

0.924

 Metabolic acidosis (n)

149 (0.441)

103 (0.407)

0.462

  1. Data were expressed as frequency (proportion). Continuous variables were presented as mean (standard deviation), or median (interquartile range).  The bold emphasis means that p < 0.05
  2. WBC white blood cell, ALT alanine transaminase, AST aspartate amino transferase, TBIL total bilirubin, IBIL indirect bilirubin, ALB albumin, BUN blood urea nitrogen, PT prothrombin time, APTT activated partial thromboplastin time, FIB fibrinogen, INR international normalized ratio