Fig. 2

Artesunate attenuated CS-induced airway remodelling in rats. a Masson’s trichrome staining was performed to determine airway histopathological changes. b–d The airway fibrosis, airway epithelial thickness and airway smooth muscle thickness were quantified by Image J. e–h Immunohistochemical staining were performed to determine α-SMA and cyclin D1 expressions in the lungs. i, j The proteins levels of α-SMA and cyclin D1 in the lungs were analyzed by Western blot. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 6, ^##P < 0.01 compared to control group using unpaired t-test; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ns means no significant difference compared to CS group using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett test for selected pairs. Arts Artesunate