Skip to main content

Table 1 General characteristics of participants in CODA and KOLD cohort studies

From: A comparative study of chest CT findings regarding the effects of regional dust exposure on patients with COPD living in urban areas and rural areas near cement plants

 

CODA (n = 186)

KOLD (n = 547)

  
 

N

Mean ± SD or N (%)

N

Mean ± SD or N (%)

P

log-formed P

P for

log-transformed value

Age (year)

186

72.5 ± 7.1

547

67.4 ± 8.0

< .0001

 

 40 ~ 59

 

8 (4.3)

 

90 (16.5)

< .0001

 

 60 ~ 69

 

50 (26.9)

 

232 (42.4)

  

 70 ~ 79

 

100 (53.8)

 

195 (35.6)

  

 80 ~ 96

 

28 (15.1)

 

30 (5.5)

  

Gender (N, %)

      

 Male

 

184 (98.9)

 

530 (96.9)

0.1318

 

 Female

 

2 (1.1)

 

17 (3.1)

  

Education

      

 < Elementary school

 

41 (22.0)

 

45 (9.2)

< .0001

 

 Elementary school

 

84 (45.2)

 

91 (18.6)

  

 Middle school

 

28 (15.1)

 

109 (22.3)

  

 ≥ High school

 

33 (17.7)

 

243 (49.8)

  

Height (cm)

 

163.0 ± 6.3

 

165.6 ± 6.4

< .0001

 

Weight (kg)

 

60.2 ± 10.1

 

63.2 ± 9.9

0.0004

 

BMI (kg/m2)

 

22.6 ± 3.2

 

23.0 ± 3.1

0.1491

 

 < 23.0

 

100 (53.8)

 

263 (48.2)

0.3776

 

 23.0 ~ 24.9

 

44 (23.7)

 

153 (28.0)

  

 ≥ 25.0

 

42 (22.6)

 

130 (23.8)

  

Smoking (yes)

      

 Current

 

67 (36.0)

 

193 (35.3)

0.8558

 

 Former

 

119 (64.0)

 

354 (64.7)

  

Pack-year of smoking

 

34.4 ± 24.7

 

46.4 ± 25.8

< .0001

 

History of chronic bronchitis (N, %)

      

 No

 

154 (93.3)

 

427 (89.1)

0.1182

 

 Yes

 

11 (6.7)

 

52 (10.9)

  

Charlson comorbidity index (N, %)

      

 0

 

107 (57.5)

 

362 (75.6)

< .0001

 

 1

 

45 (24.2)

 

84 (17.5)

  

 ≥ 2

 

34 (18.3)

 

33 (6.9)

  

Hospitalized exacerbations in the prior year (N, %)

    

 0

 

175 (94.1)

 

403 (81.1)

0.0001

 

 1

 

4 (2.2)

 

45 (9.1)

  

 ≥ 2

 

7 (3.8)

 

49 (9.9)

  

Hospitalized exacerbations in the prior year (N, %)

    

 No

 

175 (94.1)

 

403 (80.0)

< .0001

 

 Yes

 

11 (5.9)

 

101 (20.0)

  

COPD medications*(N, %)

    

 No

 

129 (69.4)

 

163 (36.6)

< .0001

 

 Yes

 

57 (30.6)

 

282 (63.4)

  

History of biomass exposure (N, %)

      

 No

 

67 (36.0)

 

123 (25.4)

0.0061

 

 Yes

 

119 (64.0)

 

362 (74.6)

  

CAT score

186

17.10 ± 9.50

219

12.20 ± 7.80

< .0001

 

Pulmonary function test

      

 Pre-bronchodilator FEV1 (L)

186

1.79 ± 0.54

546

1.58 ± 0.58

< .0001

 

 Pre-bronchodilator FVC (L)

186

3.01 ± 0.75

546

3.37 ± 0.81

< .0001

 

 Post-bronchodilator FEV1 (L)

186

1.89 ± 0.52

547

1.72 ± 0.59

0.0004

 

 Post-bronchodilator FVC (L)

186

3.22 ± 0.72

547

3.55 ± 0.79

< .0001

 

 Post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC

186

0.58 ± 0.09

547

0.48 ± 0.11

< .0001

 

 BDR, bronchodilator response

186

7.47 ± 13.49

546

10.23 ± 10.45

0.0116

 

Chest CT measurement

      

 Mean wall area (%)

181

68.58 ± 4.79

516

66.05 ± 4.95

< .0001

< .001

 Emphysema index

182

9.28 ± 7.75

516

19.64 ± 14.55

< .0001

< .001

 Mean lung density

99

0.95 ± 0.04

516

0.94 ± 0.04

0.1075

0.116

Biomarkers

      

 WBC (× 103/μl)

185

6.95 ± 1.85

448

7.31 ± 2.02

0.0394

0.028

 RBC (× 106/μl)

185

4.54 ± 0.47

449

4.70 ± 0.45

< .0001

< .001

 Hemoglobin (g/dL)

185

14.32 ± 1.48

451

14.74 ± 1.38

0.0008

0.001

 Hematocrit (g/dL)

185

41.74 ± 4.04

449

43.80 ± 3.86

< .0001

< .001

 Eosinophil (%)

185

2.98 ± 3.45

443

3.67 ± 3.24

0.0185

0.012

 Lymphocyte (%)

185

30.80 ± 8.03

443

31.19 ± 8.67

0.5988

0.932

 Neutrophil (%)

185

57.74 ± 8.97

439

57.16 ± 9.64

0.4894

0.411

 Neutrophil/lymphocyte

185

2.11 ± 1.00

439

2.21 ± 2.22

0.4242

0.744

 hs-CRP (mg/dL)

169

0.29 ± 0.59

299

0.39 ± 1.01

0.1630

< .001

  1. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables or number (%) for categorical variables
  2. Statistical differences between the two groups were estimated by independent sample t-test for parametric values and Mann–Whitney U-test for non-parametric values after log-transformation, or chi-square test for categorical variables
  3. Subject criterion: COPD (post FEV1/FVC < 0.7) and pack-year ≥ 10
  4. BDR was calculated as follows: FEV1(L) post-bronchodilator minus FEV1(L) pre-bronchodilator / FEV1(L) pre-bronchodilator × 100%
  5. BMI body mass index, CT computed tomography, BDR bronchodilator response, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity, CAT COPD assessment test, WBC white blood cell, RBC red blood cell, hs-CRP high-sensitivity c-reactive protein
  6. *COPD medication includes LAMA, LABA, SABA, or ICS/LABA
Back to article page

Respiratory Research

ISSN: 1465-993X

Contact us