Table 1 Cigarette smoke and epigenetic mechanisms of pulmonary vascular endothelial cell apoptosis
From: The role of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary vascular endothelial cell apoptosis in COPD
Epigenetics | E group | C group | Detecting parameter | Detecting apoptosis cells | Comment | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DNA methylation | Eleven COPD patients | Ten non-COPD patients | mtTFA, mtTFA promoter methylation | HPVECs | E group showing cell apoptosis increased, mtTFA mRNA and protein expression decreased. Methylation rate of the mtTFA promoter increased | Peng et al. [53] |
Ten BALB/c mice + CSE | Ten BALB/c mice + PBS | mtTFA, COXII, mtTFA promoter methylation | Mouse pulmonary vascular endothelial cells | E group showing cell apoptosis increased. mtTFA, COX II mRNA and protein expression decreased. Methylation rate of the mtTFA promoter increased | Zhang et al. [54] | |
Ten COPD patients | Ten normal subjects | Notch1, ERK, mtTFA promoter methylation | HPMECs | E group showing cell apoptosis, ERK mRNA and protein expression increased. Notch1 mRNA and protein expression decreased. Methylation rate of the mtTFA promoter increased | Zong et al. [55] | |
Ten BALB/c mice + CSE | Ten BALB/C mice + PBS | Bcl-2, Bax, Bcl-2 promoter methylation | Mice pulmonary vascular endothelial cells | E group showing cell apoptosis and Bax mRNA and protein expression increased. Bcl-2 mRNA and protein expression decreased. Methylation rate of the Bcl-2 promoter increased | Zeng et al. [56] | |
Histone methylation | HUVECs + CSE | HUVECs + PBS | PRMT6, H3R2me2a, H3K4me3 | HUVECs | E group showing cell apoptosis and H3K4me3 protein expression increased. H3R2me2a protein expression decreased. PRMT6 mRNA and protein expression decreased | Kang et al. [72] |
miRNA | HPMECs + CSE | HPMECs + PBS | miR-34a, Notch1 | HPMECs | E group showing cell apoptosis and miR-34a expression increased, Notch1 mRNA and protein expression decreased | Long et al. [82] |
HPMECs + CSE | HPMECs + PBS | miR-206, Notch3, VEGFA | HPMECs | E group showing cell apoptosis and miR-206 expression increased. Notch3 and VEGFA mRNA and protein expression decreased | Sun et al. [83] | |
lncRNA | HPVECs + CSE | HPVECs + PBS | lncRNA MEG3, Bax, caspase-3, Bcl2 | HPVECs | E group showing cell apoptosis and lncRNA MEG3 expression increased. Bax and caspase-3 expression increased. Bcl-2 increased | Bi et al. [97] |
HPMECs + CSE | HPMECs + PBS | lncRNA MIR155H, miRNA-218-5p, BRD4 | HPMECs | E group showing cell apoptosis, lncRNA MIR155H and BRD4 expression increasedmiRNA-218-5p expression decreased | Song et al. [98] | |
Exosomes | RPMECs + CSE | RPMECs + PBS | Exosomes | RPMECs | Exosomes induced by 1% CSE significantly decreased the apoptosis rate of endothelial cells | Zhao et al. [105] |