Outcomes associated with comorbid diabetes among patients with COPD exacerbation: findings from the ACURE registry

Table 3 The association between diabetes and direct hospitalization cost: Generalized linear regression

Variable	Marginal mean cost difference (RMB, ¥)	P value
Diabetes (Yes vs. No)	775.7 (275.7, 1275.8)	0.002
Age group
< 60	Reference
60 ≤ Age < 70	142.4 (− 307.9, 592.7)	0.535
70 ≤ Age < 80	94.1 (− 369.5, 557.7)	0.691
≥ 80	1044.3 (464.6, 1623.9)	< 0.001
Sex (Male vs. Female)	812.6 (409.4, 1215.9)	< 0.001
Smoking
Non-smoker	Reference
Current smoker	− 128.2 (− 561.1, 304.7)	0.562
Former smoker	342.9 (− 49.5, 735.2)	0.087
Hospital level (Tertiary vs. Secondary)	2709.9 (2337.2, 3082.6)	< 0.001
RICU/ICU Admission (Yes vs. No)	10,762.5 (8508.3, 13,016.7)	< 0.001
Disease duration of COPD (years)
< 3	Reference
3–5	324.9 (− 47.8, 697.5)	0.087
> 5	1057.2 (711.7, 1402.7)	< 0.001
Insurance type
No insurance	Reference
Medical insurance for urban and rural residents	− 1796.6 (− 2964.4, − 628.9)	0.003
Medical insurance for urban workers	− 2280.2 (− 3453.5, − 1106.8)	< 0.001
Other Insurance	− 444.5 (− 1754.2, 865.1)	0.506
CAT score at admission
0–10	Reference
11–20	145.4 (− 343.5, 634.3)	0.560
21–30	1311.6 (807.2, 1816.0)	< 0.001
31–40	1872.2 (1108.2, 2636.2)	< 0.001
Corticosteroids use (Yes vs. No)	1540.3 (1208.8, 1871.9)	< 0.001
Cardiovascular comorbidities (Yes vs. No)	668.2 (367.0, 969.5)	< 0.001
Respiratory comorbidities (Yes vs. No)	616.3 (307.8, 924.8)	< 0.001
Digestive comorbidities (Yes vs. No)	1073.4 (220.1, 1926.6)	0.014
Osteoporosis (Yes vs. No)	1906.9 (423.4, 3390.3)	0.012
Length of Stay (> 10 vs. ≤ 10)	5360.0 (5044.0, 5676.0)	< 0.001

CAT: COPD assessment test; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; GOLD: Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; ICU: Intensive care unit; RICU: Respiratory intensive care unit

ISSN: 1465-993X