Table 3 Summary statistics of selected features in each group in the validation cohort

Age (years)

58.52 ± 16.41

0.00%

58.39 ± 16.37

0.00%

60.56 ± 17.02

0.00%

3.44E−01

T (℃)

37 ± 0.58

0.00%

37 ± 0.57

0.00%

37.02 ± 0.73

0.00%

8.62E−01

APACHE2

15.29 ± 7.35

11.65%

14.52 ± 6.65

12.06%

26.68 ± 7.91

5.08%

1.95E−16

SOFA

6.77 ± 3.82

11.65%

6.43 ± 3.52

11.85%

12.04 ± 4.35

8.47%

4.87E−13

RR (insp/min)

23.2 ± 24.24

0.00%

20.82 ± 19.93

0.00%

61.42 ± 46.05

0.00%

7.40E−09

FiO₂ (%)

39.4 ± 9.58

0.00%

38.51 ± 7.98

0.00%

53.54 ± 18.24

0.00%

4.12E−08

SpO₂ (%)

98.66 ± 2.17

0.00%

98.85 ± 1.42

0.00%

95.59 ± 6.2

0.00%

1.70E−04

Pmean (cmH₂O)

8.96 ± 2.39

0.00%

8.75 ± 2.02

0.00%

12.39 ± 4.46

0.00%

5.25E−08

Ppeak (cmH₂O)

18.19 ± 4.1

0.00%

17.95 ± 3.81

0.00%

21.98 ± 6.25

0.00%

1.00E−05

PEEP (cmH₂O)

7.59 ± 5.48

0.00%

7.27 ± 4.94

40.32%

12.51 ± 9.61

0.00%

2.17E−03

VT (mL/B)

428.86 ± 71.1

0.00%

428.7 ± 71.04

0.00%

431.42 ± 72.65

0.00%

7.81E−01

PO₂ (mmHg)

133.57 ± 37.13

0.00%

134.97 ± 36.33

0.00%

111.14 ± 42.61

0.00%

8.00E−05

PCO₂ (mmHg)

38.78 ± 5.34

0.00%

38.58 ± 5.06

0.00%

41.88 ± 8.14

0.00%

3.14E−03

HR (BPM)

81.95 ± 24.68

0.00%

83.46 ± 22.62

0.00%

57.68 ± 39.6

0.00%

1.00E−05

MAP (mmHg)

89.96 ± 10.82

0.00%

90.08 ± 10.73

0.00%

88.07 ± 12.22

0.00%

2.21E−01

CVP (mmHg)

8.52 ± 2.42

41.73%

8.39 ± 2.29

43.81%

9.83 ± 3.16

8.47%

1.83E−03

Pv-aCO₂ (mmHg)

5.77 ± 2.52

43.63%

5.79 ± 2.52

45.82%

5.48 ± 2.5

8.47%

3.85E−01

Lac (mmol/L)

2.17 ± 2.06

0.00%

1.99 ± 1.38

0.00%

5 ± 5.85

0.00%

2.20E−04

P(v-a)CO₂/C(a-v)O₂ ratio

1.68 ± 1.71

46.12%

1.68 ± 1.27

48.36%

1.68 ± 3.92

10.17%

9.98E−01

PI

2.54 ± 1.44

0.00%

2.58 ± 1.42

0.00%

1.81 ± 1.63

0.00%

7.70E−04

Hb (g/dL)

108.47 ± 19.21

0.00%

108.63 ± 18.82

0.00%

105.93 ± 24.61

0.00%

4.11E−01

Balance (mL)

− 403.72 ± 1926.05

0.00%

− 388.05 ± 1840

0.00%

− 654.73 ± 2996.65

0.00%

5.02E−01