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Fig. 1 | Respiratory Research

Fig. 1

From: Influenza A virus enhances ciliary activity and mucociliary clearance via TLR3 in airway epithelium

Fig. 1

Impact of influenza A virus (IAV) infection on cilia-driven flow and ciliary beating orientation. Wild-type (WT) murine tracheal epithelia were incubated for 1 h with/without IAV in the culture medium, and then cilia-driven flow and ciliary beating orientation were evaluated. a Representative beads trajectories of cilia-driven flow (rainbow trace for 4.4 s). b and c Both the histogram (b) and bar chart (c) of cilia-driven flow demonstrated that IAV infection significantly increased cilia-driven flow (Ctrl, 6.72 ± 0.25 µm/s; IAV, 9.10 ± 0.29 µm/s; n = 150 beads in each condition). d Kymographs of ciliary beating with/without IAV infection. e IAV infection significantly increased ciliary beat frequency (CFB; Ctrl, 14.94 [10.55–18.75] Hz; IAV, 19.92 [12.89–23.44] Hz; n = 30 each). f The amplitude of ciliary beating did not differ between the conditions (Ctrl, 6.74 ± 0.66 µm; IAV, 6.54 ± 0.33 µm). g and h The effective stroke velocity (g) (Ctrl, 344.2 ± 19.5 µm/s; IAV, 394.0 ± 23.0 µm/s) and recovery stroke velocity (h) (Ctrl, 279.8 ± 23.8 µm/s; IAV, 331.9 ± 19.2 µm/s) were significantly increased by IAV infection compared with the Ctrl levels. i The ratio of effective stroke velocity to recovery stroke velocity was not different between the two conditions (Ctrl, 1.20 ± 0.05; IAV, 1.17 ± 0.05). *p < 0.01, **p < 0.05. Ctrl control, ns not significant. CBF data were presented as the median (range)

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