Use of antidiabetic medications and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation requiring hospitalization: a disease risk score-matched nested case–control study

Table 2 Crude and adjusted ORs of severe COPD exacerbation associated with current use of different class of oral hypoglycemic agents

	Cases (n = 2700)	Controls (n = 9272)	OR (95% CI)
	Cases (n = 2700)	Controls (n = 9272)	Crude OR	Model 1 Adjusted OR^a	Model 2 Adjusted OR^b
Current use, no, (%)^c
Metformin	1105 (40.9)	4654 (50.2)	0.75 (0.68–0.84)	0.81 (0.73–0.91)^d	0.85 (0.75–0.95)^d
Non-metformin	741 (27.4)	2348 (25.3)	Reference	Reference	Reference
Sulfonylureas	1181 (43.7)	4772 (51.5)	0.83 (0.74–0.93)	0.93 (0.83–1.04)	0.98 (0.86–1.11)
Non-sulfonylureas	665 (24.6)	2230 (24.1)	Reference	Reference	Reference
α-Glucosidase inhibitors	199 (7.4)	774 (8.4)	0.96 (0.81–1.14)	0.97 (0.82–1.16)	0.98 (0.82–1.18)
Non-α-glucosidase inhibitors	1647 (61.0)	6228 (67.2)	Reference	Reference	Reference
TZDs	123 (4.6)	566 (6.1)	0.81 (0.66–0.99)	0.87 (0.71–1.08)	0.87 (0.69–1.10)
Non-TZDs	1723 (63.8)	6436 (69.4)	Reference	Reference	Reference
DPP-4 inhibitors	181 (6.7)	645 (7.0)	1.07 (0.89–1.29)	1.09 (0.90–1.34)	1.13 (0.92–1.40)
Non-DPP-4 inhibitors	1665 (61.7)	6357 (68.6)	Reference	Reference	Reference
Meglitinides	241 (8.9)	651 (7.0)	1.44 (1.23–1.69)	1.18 (0.998–1.40)	1.19 (1.00–1.41)
Non-meglitinides	1605 (59.4)	6351 (68.5)	Reference	Reference	Reference

OR, odds ratio; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CI confidence interval; No., Number; TZD, thiazolidinedione; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; DM, diabetic mellitus
^a Adjusted for all covariates with standardized difference > 0.1 in Table 1
^b Adjusted for all covariates with standardized difference > 0.1 in Table 1 and DM therapy regimen in the 180 days prior to the index date
^c Current use was defined as the end date of the most recent prescription falling in the 30 days prior to the index date
^d p < 0.05

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