Inflammatory phenotyping predicts clinical outcome in COVID-19

Respiratory Research

Table 2 Serum cytokine levels for patients at admission to hospital

Serum cytokines^a (pg/mL)	Total cohort, N = 100 Median (LQ,UQ)	Presence composite end point^b Median (LQ, UQ)	OR (95% CI) for composite end point^b	Adjusted^c OR (95% CI) for composite end point^b	AUROC for Adjusted model^c
Model with demographics +NEWS2 only					0.71 (0.60, 0.81)
Model with COVID-19 blood panel^d					0.81 (0.86, 0.91)
IL-6	48.2 (28.5, 96.5)	88.5 (43.0, 202)	1.01 (1.00, 1.02)	1.01 (1.00, 1.02)	0.81 (0.72, 0.89)
TNF-α	19.7 (15.2, 24.8)	21.5 (17.4, 27.1)	1.03 (1.00, 1.07)	1.02 (0.98, 1.07)	0.77 (0.66, 0.85)
IL-8	36.4 (25.6, 58.0)	49.9 (32.7, 85.8)	1.03 (1.01, 1.04)	1.02 (1.00, 1.04)	0.78 (0.68, 0.86)
IL-1β	0.4 (0.2, 0.6)	0.5 (0.3, 0.7)	10.86 (1.82, 64.84)	10.21 (1.11, 93.37)	0.78 (0.68, 0.87)
GM-CSF	1.4 (0.8, 2.2)	1.4 (0.8, 2.2)	1.03 (0.97, 1.11)	1.02 (0.96, 1.10)	0.73 (0.62, 0.82)
IFN-γ	12.2 (3.7, 27.4)	11.1 (3.7, 35.2)	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	1.00 (0.99, 1.01)	0.74 (0.64, 0.84)
IL-33	0.4 (0.2, 0.6)	0.5 (0.3, 0.8)	6.48 (1.79, 23.47)	4.78 (1.18, 19.30)	0.80 (0.68, 0.87)
IL-10	15.2 (9.1, 26.7)	19.2 (14.5, 31.8)	1.02 (0.99, 1.03)	1.01 (0.99, 1.03)	0.74 (0.64, 0.83)
Model with all cytokines					0.85 (0.77, 0.92)
Model with all cytokines and COVID-19 blood panel^d					0.91 (0.81, 0.98)

LQ = lower quartile, is the 25% point of the data
UQ = upper quartile is the 75% point of the data
Significant results (AUROC> 0.8) in bold
^aAll cytokine values have been standardised before including in the model ^bComposite end point was admission to the intensive care, the use mechanical ventilation, and/or death
^cAdjusted models control for gender, age, NEWS2 Score, treatment, comorbid conditions and smoking status
^dCOVID-19 blood panel comprised neutrophils, lymphocytes, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio, C-reactive protein, Lactate Dehydrogenase, D dimer, Ferritin and high sensitivity cardiac troponin I

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