Table 1 Clinical Characteristics
From: Inflammatory phenotyping predicts clinical outcome in COVID-19
Total Cohort (n = 100) | Presence Composite End Point (n = 44) | Univariate Odds Ratio (95% CI) Composite End Point | Death † (n = 18) | Univariate Odds Ratio (95% CI) Death | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient demographics | |||||
Sex | |||||
- Male | 61 (61%) | 29 (65.9%) | 1.41 (0.62, 3.18) | 11 (61.1%) | 1.01 (0.35, 2.93) |
- Female | 39 (39%) | 15 (34.1%) | aREF | 7 (38.9%) | aREF |
Mean age (±SD) | 61.55 (17.28) | 63.07 (17.91) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 80.89 (9.98) | 1.15 (1.07, 1.23) |
Age ≥ 70 years old | 35 (35%) | 16 (36.6%) | 1.14 (0.50, 2.61) | 16 (88.9%) | 28 (5.94, 139.45) |
Age < 70 years old | 65 (65%) | 28 (63.7%) | aREF | 2 (11.1%) | aREF |
Current smoker | |||||
- Yes | 5 (5%) | 2 (4.6%) | 0.81 (0.13, 5.11) | 1 (5.6%) | 1.21 (0.12, 11.79) |
- No | 82 (82%) | 37 (84.1%) | aREF | 12 (66.7%) | aREF |
- Unknown | 13 (13%) | 5 (11.4%) | 0.68 (0.21, 2.19) | 5 (27.8%) | 3.45 (0.94, 12.73) |
Ethnicity* | |||||
- White | 71 (73.2%) | 30 (69.8%) | 0.73 (0.30, 1.80) | 15 (88.2%) | 3.5 (0.73, 16.72) |
- Black and ethnic minorities | 26 (26.8%) | 13 (30.2%) | aREF | 2 (11.8%) | aREF |
Past Medical history | |||||
Hypertension | 41 (40.6%) | 19 (43.2%) | 1.21 (0.54, 2.69) | 13 (72.2%) | 5.56 (1.76, 17.52) |
Cardiac disease | 20 (19.8%) | 9 (20.5%) | 1.07 (0.40, 2.88) | 8 (44.4%) | 5.33 (1.67, 17.09) |
COPD | 10 (9.9%) | 7 (15.9%) | 3.41 (0.83, 14.02) | 5 (27.8%) | 8.46 (1.80, 39.87) |
Asthma | 17 (16.8%) | 8 (18.2%) | 1.19 (0.42, 3.37) | 4 (22.2%) | 1.51 (0.42, 5.44) |
Chronic Respiratory Disease | 28 (27.7%) | 15 (34.1%) | 1.75 (0.73, 4.21) | 10 (55.6%) | 4.5 (1.51, 13.41) |
Chronic Kidney disease | 7 (6.9%) | 4 (9.1%) | 1.80 (0.38, 8.50) | 3 (16.7%) | 4.40 (0.81, 23.98) |
Liver Disease | 3 (3.0%) | 2 (4.6%) | 2.67 (0.23, 30.40) | 0 (0.00%) | NA |
Diabetes | 21 (20.8%) | 13 (29.6%) | 2.46 (0.91, 6.63) | 9 (50.0%) | 5.70 (1.82, 17.87) |
Malignancy | 8 (7.9%) | 4 (9.1%) | 1.33 (0.31, 5.62) | 4 (22.2%) | 4.64 (1.03, 20.84) |
Dementia | 11 (11.0%) | 5 (11.4%) | 1.07 (0.30, 3.76) | 5 (27.8%) | 4.85 (1.22, 19.18) |
Presentation to Hospital | |||||
Median day of presentation (LQ, UQ) | 7 (3,10) | 7 (3, 9.5) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.03) | 3 (1,7) | 0.80 (0.69, 0.93) |
NEWS2 Score at admission to hospital Mean (±SD) | 5.2 (2.76) | 6.15 (2.32) | 1.27 (1.07, 1.50) | 5.19 (2.50) | 1.05 (0.85, 1.30) |
Admission COVID-19 Blood panel | |||||
Neutrophil count 109L Median (IQR) | 6.44 (3.54) | 7.83 (3.57) | 1.25 (1.09, 1.43) | 8.31 (4.00) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.42) |
Lymphocyte count 109L Median (IQR) | 1.56 (3.82) | 1.03 (0.50) | 0.87 (0.61, 1.23) | 0.92 (0.50) | 0.41 (0.10, 1.63) |
Neutrophil/Lymphocyte ratio Median (IQR) | 12 (5, 12) | 22 (9, 67) | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) | 48 (21, 1028) | 1.20 (1.08, 1.33) |
C-Reactive Protein mg/L Median (IQR) | 108 (26, 153) | 131 (62, 165) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 52 (13, 209) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.01) |
Ferritin μg/L Median (IQR) | 625 (286, 1366) | 1075 (523, 2002) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 602 (246, 2017) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) |
Lactate dehydrogenase U/L Median (IQR) | 752 (548, 998) | 874 (704, 1081) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 833 (759. 946) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) |
D-dimer ng/mL Median (IQR) | 444 (276, 720) | 527 (298, 1110) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.00) | 563 (374, 1682) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) |
High sensitivity cardiac Troponin I ng/L Median (IQR) | 5.4 (3.6, 5.4) | 7.7 (4.8, 15.4) | 1.00 (0.99, 1.01) | 10.3 (6, 15.8) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) |
Treatments and Outcomes | |||||
Intravenous antibiotics | 63 (62.4%) | 27 (61.4%) | 0.88 (0.39, 2.00) | 14 (77.8%) | 1.87 (0.55, 6.30) |
Systemic glucocorticoids | 10 (9.9%) | 6 (13.6%) | 2.05 (0.54, 7.78) | 5 (27.8%) | 6.25 (1.48, 26.47) |
Intensive Care Admission | 28 (27.7%) | ||||
Mechanical ventilation | |||||
- Invasive | 18 (17.8%) | ||||
- Non-invasive* | 21 (21.7%) | ||||
Death† | 18 (20.7%) | ||||
Composite End Pointb | 44 (43.6%) | ||||