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Table 1 Demographic, clinical, laboratory, radiological characteristics, treatment and outcome between severe and non-severe COVID-19 pneumonia

From: The effect of vascular risk factor burden on the severity of COVID-19 illness, a retrospective cohort study

 

Total (n = 164)

Severe (n = 29)

Non-severe (n = 135)

P

Age, (y) mean ± SD

61.8 ± 13.6

71.0 ± 12.8

59.8 ± 12.9

< 0.001

Male, n (%)

84 (51.2)

20 (69.0)

64 (47.4)

0.04

Current smoker, n (%)

17 (10.4)

2 (6.9)

15 (11.1)

0.73

Regular drinker, n (%)

3 (1.8)

0

3 (2.2)

> 0.99

Hypertension, n (%)

52 (31.7)

13 (44.8)

39 (28.9)

0.09

Diabetes, n (%)

31 (18.9)

7 (24.1)

24 (17.8)

0.43

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

63 (38.4)

18 (62.1)

45 (33.3)

0.004

Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

10 (6.1)

4 (13.8%)

6 (4.4%)

0.14

Overweight, n (%)

55 (33.5)

14 (48.3)

41 (30.4)

0.06

Physical inactivity, n (%)

103 (62.8)

26 (89.7)

77 (57.0)

0.001

COPD, n (%)

12 (7.3)

4 (13.8)

8 (5.9)

0.28

Cardio-cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

23 (14.0)

8 (27.6)

15 (11.1)

0.020

Renal impairment, n (%)

25 (15.2)

10 (34.5)

15 (11.1)

0.001

Digestive disease, n (%)

15 (9.1)

1 (3.4)

14 (10.4)

0.41

Immunosuppresives, n (%)

3 (1.8)

1 (3.4)

2 (1.5)

> 0.99

Tumor, n (%)

13 (7.9)

3 (10.3)

10 (7.4)

0.88

Wet market exposure, n (%)

2 (1.2)

1 (3.4)

1 (0.7)

0.79

Clinical symptoms

 Fever, n (%)

115 (70.1)

20 (69.0)

95 (70.4)

0.88

 Dry cough, n (%)

104 (63.4)

19 (65.5)

85 (63.0)

0.80

 Productive cough, n (%)

23 (14.0)

2 (6.9)

21 (15.6)

0.36

 Fatigue, n (%)

57 (34.8)

9 (31.0)

48 (35.6)

0.64

 Muscle or joint ache, n (%)

21 (12.8)

2 (6.9)

19 (14.1)

0.46

 Thoracalgia, n (%)

31 (18.9)

6 (20.7)

25 (18.5)

0.79

 Sore throat, n (%)

23 (14.0)

4 (13.8)

19 (14.1)

> 0.99

 Diarrhea, n (%)

13 (7.9)

4 (13.8)

9 (6.7)

0.36

 Catarrh, n (%)

6 (3.7)

0

6 (4.4)

0.59

 Anorexia, n (%)

48 (29.3)

8 (27.6)

40 (29.6)

0.83

 Short of breath, n (%)

65 (39.6)

15 (51.7)

50 (37.0)

0.14

 Headache, n (%)

19 (11.6)

3 (10.3)

16 (11.9)

> 0.99

 Total symptoms (IQR)

3 [2–4]

3 [2–4]

3 [2–4]

0.94

Routine blood examinations

    

 Decreased leucocytes, n (%)

11 (6.7)

5 (17.2)

6 (4.4)

0.01

 Decreased lymphocytes, n (%)

55 (33.5)

19 (65.5)

36 (26.7)

< 0.001

 Decreased hemoglobin, n (%)

42 (25.6)

15 (51.7)

27 (20.0)

< 0.001

 Decreased platelets, n (%)

14 (8.5)

7 (24.1)

7 (5.2)

0.001

 Increased ALT or AST, n (%)

58 (35.4)

14 (18.3)

44 (32.6)

0.11

 Increased LDH, n (%)

50 (30.7)

17 (58.6)

33 (24.6)

< 0.001

Complications

 Acute stroke, n (%)

3 (1.8)

3 (10.3)

0

0.005

 Shock, n (%)

3 (1.8)

3 (10.3)

0

0.005

CT findings, n (%)

   

0.04

 Unilateral pneumonia, n (%)

26 (15.9)

3 (10.3)

23 (17.0)

 

 Bilateral pneumonia, n (%)

86 (52.4)

11 (37.9)

75 (55.6)

 

 Multiple mottling and ground-glass opacity, n (%)

52 (31.7)

15 (51.7)

37 (27.4)

 

Treatment

 Oxygen therapy, n (%)

   

< 0.001

  Nasal cannula, n (%)

79 (48.2)

16 (55.2)

63 (46.7)

 

  Medical mask, n (%)

5 (3.0)

5 (17.2)

0

 

  High solution, n (%)

5 (3.0)

5 (17.2)

0

 

  Invasive ventilation, n (%)

3 (1.8)

3 (10.3)

0

 

 Glucocorticoid, n (%)

20 (12.2)

9 (31.0)

11 (8.1)

0.001

 Antibacterial, n (%)

117 (71.8)

23 (82.1)

94 (69.6)

0.18

 Antivirus, n (%)

158 (96.3)

27 (93.1)

131 (97.0)

0.63

 Chinese traditional medicine, n (%)

156 (95.1)

26 (89.7)

130 (96.3)

0.30

 Outcomes Cured at discharge, n (%)

103 (62.8)

9 (31.0)

94 (69.6)

< 0.001

 Death, n (%)

6 (3.7)

6 (20.7)

0

< 0.001

  1. Tumor was defined by patients’ self-report of having a history of a malignant tumor. Decreased means below the lower limit of the normal range and increased means over the upper limit of the normal range
  2. Abbreviations: COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, SD Standard deviation, COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, IQR Interquartile range, ALT Alanine transaminase (U/L; normal range 0–40), AST Alanine aminotransferase (U/L; normal range 0–40), LDH Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L; normal range 109–245, data available in 163 patients), CT Computed tomography, Leucocytes (× 109/L; normal range 3.5–9.5), Lymphocytes (× 109/L; normal range 1.1–3.2), Platelets (× 109/L; normal range 125.0–350.0), Hemoglobin (g/L; normal range 130.0–175.0)