Variables | Control group (n = 21) | Intervention group (n = 23) | Intervention effect | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre mean ± SD | Post mean ± SD | Change mean ± SD | Intra P1 | Pre mean ± SD | Post mean ± SD | Change mean ± SD | Intra P1 | P2 | |
IL-6, pg/ml | 11.67 ± 10.84 | 13.72 ± 12.57 | 2.05 ± 11.77 | 0.935 | 8.15 ± 10.16 | 4.81 ± 5.08 | −3.33 ± 6.41 | 0.011 | 0.034* |
TNFα, pg/ml | 30.04 ± 9.36 | 27.37 ± 9.78 | −2.66 ± 8.31 | 0.223 | 25.57 ± 10.42 | 19.12 ± 6.82 | −6.44 ± 7.21 | < 0.0001 | 0.187 |
GSH, mM/l c | 202.72 ± 40.66 | 185.86 ± 42.72 | −16.86 ± 45.06 | 0.094 | 176.70 ± 34.6 | 185.79 ± 45.74 | 9.08 ± 54.28 | < 0.0001 | 0.513 |
MDA, μM/L | 2.90 ± 0.47 | 2.80 ± 0.41 | −0.13 ± 0.54 | 0.241 | 2.81 ± 0.48 | 2.69 ± 0.40 | −0.12 ± 0.62 | 0.354 | 0.945 |
Albumin, g/dl | 4.15 ± 0.37 | 4.24 ± 0.38 | 0.09 ± 0.38 | 0.282 | 4.15 ± 0.27 | 4.41 ± 0.37 | 0.25 ± 0.40 | 0.006 | 0.178* |
Vitamin C, μM/L d | 27.00 ± 3.30 | 29.77 ± 6.13 | 2.77 ± 6.22 | 0.049 | 29.45 ± 4.47 | 35.45 ± 5.29 | 6.00 ± 6.71 | < 0.0001 | 0.004* |
Magnesium, mg/dl | 1.98 ± 0.16 | 2.16 ± 0.14 | 0.17 ± 0.20 | 0.002 | 2.02 ± 0.16 | 2.13 ± 0.16 | 0.10 ± 0.25 | 0.054 | 0.754 |
Weight, kg | 59.16 ± 7.66 | 59.80 ± 8.62 | 0.64 ± 2.68 | 0.263 | 59.92 ± 9.88 | 60.45 ± 9.79 | 0.52 ± 2.19 | 0.251 | 0.728 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 21.53 ± 2.59 | 21.73 ± 2.74 | 0.20 ± 0.97 | 0.338 | 20.65 ± 3.49 | 20.82 ± 3.40 | 0.17 ± 0.75 | 0.267 | 0.816 |
Calf circumference, cm | 31.50 ± 2.01 | 31.71 ± 2.36 | 0.21 ± 1.29 | 0.430 | 31.41 ± 2.98 | 31.79 ± 2.77 | 0.37 ± 1.14 | 0.122 | 0.676 |
Arm circumference, cm | 28.96 ± 2.66 | 29.0 ± 2.76 | 0.03 ± 1.01 | 0.855 | 28.60 ± 3.01 | 28.42 ± 2.98 | −0.18 ± 1.43 | 0.538 | 0.592* |
Lean body mass, kg | 6.72 ± 0.46 | 6.18 ± 0.67 | 0.09 ± 0.38 | 0.248 | 6.98 ± 0.81 | 7.25 ± 1.03 | 0.26 ± 0.85 | 0.061 | 0.094* |
Protein BIA, kg a | 8.91 ± 0.97 | 9.05 ± 1.2 | 0.13 ± 0.57 | 0.256 | 9.64 ± 1.27 | 10.25 ± 1.56 | 0.61 ± 1.03 | 0.008 | 0.019* |
Fat-free mass, kg b | 45.35 ± 4.94 | 46.13 ± 5.99 | 0.78 ± 2.62 | 0.167 | 48.87 ± 6.17 | 51.72 ± 7.54 | 2.85 ± 4.65 | 0.006 | 0.025* |
FFMI, kg/m2 | 16.41 ± 0.89 | 16.71 ± 1.27 | 0.29 ± 0.97 | 0.160 | 16.79 ± 1.89 | 17.78 ± 2.35 | 0.99 ± 1.61 | 0.006 | 0.018* |
Right HGS, kg | 23.35 ± 6.61 | 23.56 ± 7.66 | 0.20 ± 4.54 | 0.935 | 23.77 ± 6.58 | 26.53 ± 5.94 | 2.76 ± 3.81 | 0.003 | 0.023 |
Left HGS, kg | 21.7 ± 7.33 | 21.99 ± 7.87 | 0.28 ± 4.32 | 0.795 | 23.38 ± 8.24 | 26.73 ± 7.29 | 3.34 ± 5.65 | 0.006 | 0.045* |
FEV1, % | 44.95 ± 14.16 | 44.34 ± 16.53 | −0.60 ± 13.33 | 0.829 | 42.58 ± 16.74 | 45.70 ± 20.22 | 3.12 ± 8.37 | 0.081 | 0.218 |
FVC, % | 60.54 ± 10.34 | 59.63 ± 11.66 | −0.9 ± 10.45 | 0.601 | 59.29 ± 10.83 | 61.08 ± 14.32 | 1.79 ± 10.65 | 0.513 | 0.391 |
SGA score | 10.43 ± 4.81 | 8.65 ± 2.82 | −1.78 ± 4.43 | 0.067 | 10.37 ± 3.25 | 8.16 ± 2.11 | −2.20 ± 3.20 | 0.003 | 0.899 |
SGRQ, total score e | 59.0 ± 14.0 | 58.0 ± 13.0 | −1.0 ± 11.0 | 0.644 | 67.0 ± 13.0 | 55.0 ± 13.0 | −12.0 ± 12.0 | < 0.0001 | 0.040* |
SGRQ, symptom score f | 63.0 ± 18.0 | 58.0 ± 16.0 | −4.0 ± 17.0 | 0.245 | 73.0 ± 10.0 | 60.0 ± 12.0 | −13.0 ± 17.0 | 0.001 | 0.575 |
SGRQ, activity score | 65.0 ± 20.0 | 67.0 ± 23.0 | 1.0 ± 17.0 | 0.681 | 71.0 ± 19.0 | 67.0 ± 19.0 | −4.0 ± 17.0 | 0.184 | 0.289 |
SQRQ, impact score g | 53.0 ± 16.0 | 52.0 ± 13.0 | −1.0 ± 13.0 | 0.695 | 63.0 ± 14.0 | 46.0 ± 13.0 | −17.0 ± 14.0 | < 0.0001 | 0.021* |
IADL score | 5.04 ± 1.39 | 4.66 ± 1.74 | −0.28 ± 0.90 | 0.161 | 5.50 ± 0.93 | 5.12 ± 1.19 | −0.37 ± 1.13 | 0.131 | 0.965* |
Katz index | 5.56 ± 0.89 | 5.50 ± 0.91 | −0.04 ± 0.48 | 0.655 | 5.45 ± 0.93 | 5.70 ± 0.85 | 0.25 ± 0.53 | 0.034 | 0.164* |