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Table 4 Effect of intervention on levels of measured parameters in COPD patients after 8 weeks

From: Fortified whey beverage for improving muscle mass in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a single-blind, randomized clinical trial

Variables

Control group (n = 21)

Intervention group (n = 23)

Intervention effect

Pre mean ± SD

Post mean ± SD

Change mean ± SD

Intra P1

Pre mean ± SD

Post mean ± SD

Change mean ± SD

Intra P1

P2

IL-6, pg/ml

11.67 ± 10.84

13.72 ± 12.57

2.05 ± 11.77

0.935

8.15 ± 10.16

4.81 ± 5.08

−3.33 ± 6.41

0.011

0.034*

TNFα, pg/ml

30.04 ± 9.36

27.37 ± 9.78

−2.66 ± 8.31

0.223

25.57 ± 10.42

19.12 ± 6.82

−6.44 ± 7.21

< 0.0001

0.187

GSH, mM/l c

202.72 ± 40.66

185.86 ± 42.72

−16.86 ± 45.06

0.094

176.70 ± 34.6

185.79 ± 45.74

9.08 ± 54.28

< 0.0001

0.513

MDA, μM/L

2.90 ± 0.47

2.80 ± 0.41

−0.13 ± 0.54

0.241

2.81 ± 0.48

2.69 ± 0.40

−0.12 ± 0.62

0.354

0.945

Albumin, g/dl

4.15 ± 0.37

4.24 ± 0.38

0.09 ± 0.38

0.282

4.15 ± 0.27

4.41 ± 0.37

0.25 ± 0.40

0.006

0.178*

Vitamin C, μM/L d

27.00 ± 3.30

29.77 ± 6.13

2.77 ± 6.22

0.049

29.45 ± 4.47

35.45 ± 5.29

6.00 ± 6.71

< 0.0001

0.004*

Magnesium, mg/dl

1.98 ± 0.16

2.16 ± 0.14

0.17 ± 0.20

0.002

2.02 ± 0.16

2.13 ± 0.16

0.10 ± 0.25

0.054

0.754

Weight, kg

59.16 ± 7.66

59.80 ± 8.62

0.64 ± 2.68

0.263

59.92 ± 9.88

60.45 ± 9.79

0.52 ± 2.19

0.251

0.728

BMI, kg/m2

21.53 ± 2.59

21.73 ± 2.74

0.20 ± 0.97

0.338

20.65 ± 3.49

20.82 ± 3.40

0.17 ± 0.75

0.267

0.816

Calf circumference, cm

31.50 ± 2.01

31.71 ± 2.36

0.21 ± 1.29

0.430

31.41 ± 2.98

31.79 ± 2.77

0.37 ± 1.14

0.122

0.676

Arm circumference, cm

28.96 ± 2.66

29.0 ± 2.76

0.03 ± 1.01

0.855

28.60 ± 3.01

28.42 ± 2.98

−0.18 ± 1.43

0.538

0.592*

Lean body mass, kg

6.72 ± 0.46

6.18 ± 0.67

0.09 ± 0.38

0.248

6.98 ± 0.81

7.25 ± 1.03

0.26 ± 0.85

0.061

0.094*

Protein BIA, kg a

8.91 ± 0.97

9.05 ± 1.2

0.13 ± 0.57

0.256

9.64 ± 1.27

10.25 ± 1.56

0.61 ± 1.03

0.008

0.019*

Fat-free mass, kg b

45.35 ± 4.94

46.13 ± 5.99

0.78 ± 2.62

0.167

48.87 ± 6.17

51.72 ± 7.54

2.85 ± 4.65

0.006

0.025*

FFMI, kg/m2

16.41 ± 0.89

16.71 ± 1.27

0.29 ± 0.97

0.160

16.79 ± 1.89

17.78 ± 2.35

0.99 ± 1.61

0.006

0.018*

Right HGS, kg

23.35 ± 6.61

23.56 ± 7.66

0.20 ± 4.54

0.935

23.77 ± 6.58

26.53 ± 5.94

2.76 ± 3.81

0.003

0.023

Left HGS, kg

21.7 ± 7.33

21.99 ± 7.87

0.28 ± 4.32

0.795

23.38 ± 8.24

26.73 ± 7.29

3.34 ± 5.65

0.006

0.045*

FEV1, %

44.95 ± 14.16

44.34 ± 16.53

−0.60 ± 13.33

0.829

42.58 ± 16.74

45.70 ± 20.22

3.12 ± 8.37

0.081

0.218

FVC, %

60.54 ± 10.34

59.63 ± 11.66

−0.9 ± 10.45

0.601

59.29 ± 10.83

61.08 ± 14.32

1.79 ± 10.65

0.513

0.391

SGA score

10.43 ± 4.81

8.65 ± 2.82

−1.78 ± 4.43

0.067

10.37 ± 3.25

8.16 ± 2.11

−2.20 ± 3.20

0.003

0.899

SGRQ, total score e

59.0 ± 14.0

58.0 ± 13.0

−1.0 ± 11.0

0.644

67.0 ± 13.0

55.0 ± 13.0

−12.0 ± 12.0

< 0.0001

0.040*

SGRQ, symptom score f

63.0 ± 18.0

58.0 ± 16.0

−4.0 ± 17.0

0.245

73.0 ± 10.0

60.0 ± 12.0

−13.0 ± 17.0

0.001

0.575

SGRQ, activity score

65.0 ± 20.0

67.0 ± 23.0

1.0 ± 17.0

0.681

71.0 ± 19.0

67.0 ± 19.0

−4.0 ± 17.0

0.184

0.289

SQRQ, impact score g

53.0 ± 16.0

52.0 ± 13.0

−1.0 ± 13.0

0.695

63.0 ± 14.0

46.0 ± 13.0

−17.0 ± 14.0

< 0.0001

0.021*

IADL score

5.04 ± 1.39

4.66 ± 1.74

−0.28 ± 0.90

0.161

5.50 ± 0.93

5.12 ± 1.19

−0.37 ± 1.13

0.131

0.965*

Katz index

5.56 ± 0.89

5.50 ± 0.91

−0.04 ± 0.48

0.655

5.45 ± 0.93

5.70 ± 0.85

0.25 ± 0.53

0.034

0.164*

  1. Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, FFMI Fat-free mass index, HGS Handgrip strength, GSH Glutathione, TNFα Tumor necrosis factor, IL-6 Interlukin-6, MDA Malondialdehyde, FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in 1 s, SGA Subjective global assessment, SGRQ St. George’s respiratory questionnaire, IADL Instrumental activities of daily living
  2. 1 P values denote significance of within-group changes. 2 P values denote significance of between-group changes which were compared by ANCOVA (considering protein and magnesium intake as a fixed factor and baseline value as a covariate which was mentioned as a,b,c,d,e,f,g
  3. *Non-parametric were used for variables (Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney test were used to evaluate the within-group and between-group changes, respectively)