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Table 2 Baseline characteristics and measured parameters of the study participants

From: Fortified whey beverage for improving muscle mass in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a single-blind, randomized clinical trial

Variables

Control n = 23

Intervention n = 23

P-value

Age, yr.

63.47 ± 7.24

62.08 ± 7.0

0.506

Smoking status

 Smoking habit, yr.

33.26 ± 12.36

32.73 ± 14.89

0.902

 Age starting smoking, yr.

25.22 ± 11.55

26.36 ± 10.65

0.693

Body composition

 Weight, kg

59.16 ± 7.66

59.92 ± 9.88

0.770

 BMI, kg/m2

21.53 ± 2.59

20.65 ± 3.49

0.332

 Calf circumference, cm

31.50 ± 2.01

31.41 ± 2.98

0.912

 Arm circumference, cm

28.96 ± 2.66

28.60 ± 3.01

0.666

 Lean body mass, kg

6.72 ± 0.46

6.98 ± 0.81

0.178

 Protein BIA, kg

8.91 ± 0.97

9.64 ± 1.27

0.035

 Fat-free mass, kg

45.35 ± 4.94

48.87 ± 6.17

0.037

 FFMI, kg/m2

16.41 ± 0.89

16.79 ± 1.89

0.381

Muscle strength

 Right HGS, kg

23.35 ± 6.61

23.77 ± 6.58

0.709*

 Left HGS, kg

21.7 ± 7.33

23.38 ± 8.24

0.376*

Diet

 Energy intake, kcal

1670.7 ± 656.9

1731.0 ± 689.7

0.947*

 Protein intake, g

67.72 ± 30.15

55.55 ± 28.03

0.147*

 Fat intake, g

45.41 ± 29.67

49.53 ± 33.01

0.758*

 Carbohydrate intake, g

253.36 ± 113.61

268.30 ± 108.99

0.649

 Vitamin C intake, mg

108.98 ± 122.86

125.71 ± 93.22

0.322*

 Magnesium intake, mg

237.25 ± 116.54

182.06 ± 75.49

0.124*

 Water, cup

1.37 ± 1.48

2.17 ± 2.60

0.447*

Blood analysis

 IL-6, pg/ml

11.67 ± 10.84

8.15 ± 10.16

0.057*

 TNFα, pg/ml

30.04 ± 9.36

25.57 ± 10.42

0.135

 GSH, mM/l

202.72 ± 40.66

176.7 ± 34.6

0.024

 MDA, μM/L

2.90 ± 0.47

2.81 ± 0.48

0.544

 Albumin, g/dl

4.15 ± 0.37

4.15 ± 0.27

0.949

 Vitamin C, μM/L

27.00 ± 3.30

29.45 ± 4.47

0.042

 Magnesium, mg/dl

1.98 ± 0.16

2.02 ± 0.16

0.323*

Lung function

 FEV1, %

44.95 ± 14.16

42.58 ± 16.74

0.604

 FVC, %

60.54 ± 10.34

59.29 ± 10.83

0.636

 SGA score

10.43 ± 4.81

10.37 ± 3.25

0.960

 SGRQ, total score

59.0 ± 14.0

67.0 ± 13.0

0.046

 SGRQ, symptom score

63.0 ± 18.0

73.0 ± 10.0

0.025

 SGRQ, activity score

65.0 ± 20.0

71.0 ± 19.0

0.344

 SQRQ, impact score

53.0 ± 16.0

63.0 ± 14.0

0.037

 IADL score

5.04 ± 1.39

5.50 ± 0.93

0.231*

 Katz index

5.56 ± 0.89

5.45 ± 0.93

0.459*

  1. Presented values are mean ± SD.
  2. * Non-parametric (Mann-Whitney) test were used for variables
  3. Abbreviations: BMI Body mass index, FFMI Fat-free mass index, HGS Handgrip strength, GSH Glutathione, TNFα Tumor necrosis factor, IL-6 Interlukin-6, MDA Malondialdehyde, FEV1 Forced expiratory volume in 1 s, SGA Subjective global assessment, SGRQ St. George’s respiratory questionnaire, IADL Instrumental activities of daily living
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Respiratory Research

ISSN: 1465-993X

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