Fig. 5
Effect of IN Epinephrine on Epinephrine Pharmacokinetics After IN Histamine or Saline. While there were no statistically significant differences in Cmax and AUC1–90 between groups, there was a significantly shorter Tmax with the histamine versus saline group. The reported Cmax and Tmax, values were calculated using post-dose baseline-subtracted epinephrine concentrations for each dog, and the AUC1–90 was calculated using the trapezoid rule. Plasma concentration vs time data were first analyzed for each individual dog, and then PK parameters were averaged from individual dogs within each group. Data represent mean ± SD. *p < 0.05. AUC1–90, area under plasma concentration-time curve from 1 to 90 min; Cmax, maximum concentration; IN, intranasal; PK, pharmacokinetics; Tmax, time to reach maximum concentration