Fig. 2

Microbiota composition and diversity is associated with geography, not with acute exacerbation or viral infections. (a) Taxonomic barplot of major bacterial phyla and genera in samples grouped by geography and disease state, and their respective Shannon diversity index represented as boxplots with interquantile range whiskers. (b) Percentage of samples with microbiota predominant with nine most common COPD bacterial taxa, and (c) percentage of samples positive for 7 most common respiratory viruses are plotted at stable (green), acute exacerbations (red) and follow-up visits (purple), and their respective Shannon diversity index. * P < 0.01, **P < 0.001, *** P < 0.0001, lower and higher statistical significant diversity compared to the average are noted in red and blue, respectively. HMPV, Human Metapneumovirus