Table 2 Description of the studies included in the meta-analysis
| Â | First author | Pub. Year | Country | Region | Study | Study Period | Age | Sample Size | Prevalence (%) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACO | Asthma-only | COPD-only | ACO in asthma patients | ACO in COPD Patients | |||||||||
1 | Walsh LJ [10] | 1996 | UK | Europe | NA | NA | > 4 | 38,865 | 0.3 | 8.4 | 0.8 | 3.2 | 25.4 |
2 | Diaz-Guzman E [11] | 2011 | USA | North America | NHANES III | 1988–2006 | > 25 | 15,203 | 2.3 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 33.5 | 30.5 |
3 | de Marco R [12] | 2013 | Italy | Europe | GEIRD | 2007- ... | 20–84 | 8360 | 2.1 | 6.7 | 5.2 | 23.8 | 28.9 |
4 | Miravitlles M [13] | 2013 | Spain | Europe | EPI-SCAN | 2006–2007 | 40–80 | 3802 | 1.8 | NA | 8.4 | NA | 17.4 |
5 | Menezes AMB [14] | 2014 | Latin America | Latin America | PLATINO | 2002–2004 | > 40 | 5044 | 1.8 | 1.7 | 11.8 | 51.4 | 13.0 |
6 | Pleasants RA [15] | 2014 | USA | North America | NC BRFSS | 2007–2009 | > 18 | 24,073 | 3.4 | 5.2 | 4.7 | 39.3 | 41.4 |
7 | Lindström I [16] | 2015 | Finland | Europe | NA | 2000–2001 | 30–63 | 3406 | 0.7 | 5.9 | 2.6 | 11.1 | 22.3 |
8 | van Boven JF [17] | 2016 | Spain | Europe | MAJORICA | 2012–2013 | > 18 | 916,843 | 0.6 | NA | 2.5 | NA | 18.3 |
9 | Kumbhare S [18] | 2016 | USA | North America | BRFSS | 2012 | > 35 | 80,498 | 3.2 | 5.6 | 6.0 | 36.6 | 35.0 |
10 | Ding B [19] | 2016 | China | East Asia | China NHWS | 2010–2013 | > 18 | 59,935 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 30.7 | 18.6 |
11 | Bonten TN [20] | 2016 | The Netherlands | Europe | NEO | 2008–2012 | 45–65 | 5675 | 1.3 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
12 | Mannino DM [21] | 2017 | USA | North America | NHANES | 2007–2012 | 20–79 | 12,964 | 1.9 | 5.0 | 11.4 | 27.0 | 14.0 |
13 | Kim J [22] | 2017 | Korea | East Asia | KNHANES IV | 2007–2009 | > 19 | 11,656 | 2.2 | 5.8 | 8.4 | 27.7 | 20.8 |
14 | Ferrante G [23] | 2017 | Italy | Europe | PASSI | 2013–2015 | 18–69 | 108,705 | 1.0 | 3.4 | 2.6 | NA | NA |
15 | Bui DS [24] | 2017 | Australia | Australia | TAHS | 2006–2008 | 45 | 1355 | 5.0 | 19.9 | 4.4 | 20.2 | 53.5 |
16 | Baarnes CB [25] | 2017 | Denmark | Europe | DCH | 1993–2013 | 50–64 | 57,053 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 5.9 | 35.9 | 16.4 |
17 | Kendzerska T [26] | 2017 | Canada | North America | ICES | 2002–2012 | > 35 | 7,589,414 | 3.3 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
18 | Senthilselvan A [27] | 2018 | Canada | North America | CHMS | 2007–2013 | > 30 | 9059 | 1.6 | 6.6 | 2.2 | 19.3 | 41.9 |
19 | Henriksen AH [28] | 2018 | Norway | Europe | HUNT | 2006–2008 | > 20 | 50,777 | 1.9 | 9.8 | 1.5 | 16.2 | 55.2 |
20 | Ekerljung L [29] | 2018 | Sweden | Europe | WSAS | 2008–2012 | 16–75 | 1172 | 3.4 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
21 | Mindus S [30] | 2018 | Northern Europe | Europe | GA2LEN and RHINE III | 2008 and 2010–2012 | > 40 | 25,429 | 1.0 | 6.5 | 1.4 | 13.1 | 40.8 |
22 | Morgan BW [31] | 2018 | 6 low- and middle-income countries |  | CRONICAS, PRISA, and LiNK | 2010- ... | 35–92 | 11,923 | 3.8 | 13.6 | 4.8 | 21.7 | 43.8 |
23 | Mendy A [32] | 2018 | USA | North America | NHNES | 2007–2012 | > 40 | 7570 | 1.0 | NA | NA | 14.6 | 12.6 |
24 | Kumbhare S [33] | 2018 | USA | North America | NHNES III | NA | NA | 4434 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 7.7 | 51.2 | 27.0 |
25 | Koleade A [34] | 2018 | Canada | North America | APS | 2012 | > 12 | 28,410 | 2.7 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
26 | Guerriero M [35] | 2018 | Italy | Europe | NA | 2011–2012 | 20–79 | 1236 | 2.1 | 5.6 | 9.1 | 27.4 | 18.8 |
27 | Kang HR [36] | 2019 | Korea | East Asia | NHIS–NSC | 2003–2011 | > 40 | 1,113,656 | 1.4 |  | 1.1 |  | 55.7 |