Table 1 The baseline characteristics of patients with COPD in the CODA cohort (n = 293)

 Male

236 (80.6)

 Female

57 (19.5)

Age

72.30 ± 6.97

71.95 ± 7.10

73.75 ± 6.27

 Never-smoker

77 (26.3)

23 (9.8)

54 (94.7)

 Former-smoker

140 (47.8)

138 (58.5)

2 (3.5)

 Current-smoker

76 (25.9)

75 (31.8)

1 (1.8)

Pack-years

17.53 ± 23.50

23.54 ± 24.11

1.33 ± 10.74

Height (cm)

160.27 ± 8.56

163.35 ± 5.91

147.53 ± 5.51

Weight (kg)

59.54 ± 10.11

61.42 ± 9.71

51.75 ± 7.78

BMI (kg/m²)

23.12 ± 3.10

22.97 ± 3.13

23.74 ± 2.92

  < 23.0^a

141 (48.1)

118 (50.0)

23 (40.4)

 23.0–24.9^a

66 (22.5)

52 (22.0)

14 (24.6)

  ≥ 25.0^a

86 (29.4)

66 (28.0)

20 (35.1)

 Grade 1

151 (51.5)

118 (50.0)

33 (57.9)

 Grade 2

118 (40.3)

96 (40.7)

22 (38.6)

 Grade 3

21 (7.2)

19 (8.1)

2 (3.5)

 Grade 4

3 (1.0)

3 (1.3)

0 (0.0)

 FVC, L

3.10 ± 0.81

3.31 ± 0.72

2.24 ± 0.54

 FVC, % predicted

98.33 ± 19.24

96.89 ± 18.54

104.26 ± 21.09

 FEV₁, L

1.84 ± 0.56

1.95 ± 0.55

1.36 ± 0.32

 FEV₁, % predicted

80.02 ± 19.73

78.66 ± 19.31

85.65 ± 20.64

 FEV₁/FVC

0.59 ± 0.08

0.58 ± 0.09

0.61 ± 0.07

mMRC

1.45 ± 1.14

1.37 ± 1.10

1.81 ± 1.25

 None

275 (93.9)

224 (94.9)

51 (89.5)

 Yes1

18 (6.1)

12 (5.1)

6 (10.5)

   ≥ 2 moderate acute exacerbation

10 (3.4)

7 (3.0)

3 (5.3)

   ≥ 1 severe acute exacerbation

13 (4.4)

9 (3.8)

4 (7.0)

CAT score

17.05 ± 9.64

16.45 ± 9.53

19.54 ± 9.79

 Mean wall area %

69.32 ± 4.97

68.63 ± 4.71

72.16 ± 5.06

 Emphysema index

7.69 ± 7.25

8.85 ± 7.48

2.91 ± 3.23

 Pectoralis muscle area (cm²)

27.01 ± 8.11

28.80 ± 7.72

19.57 ± 4.84

 Pectoralis muscle density (HU)

43.85 ± 7.51

45.44 ± 6.06

37.27 ± 9.22