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Table 5 Adjusted mean annual direct and indirect costs of GOLD Grades – Basic model

From: Direct and indirect costs of COPD progression and its comorbidities in a structured disease management program: results from the LQ-DMP study

 

GOLD grade 1

GOLD grade 2

GOLD grade 3

GOLD grade 4

N

Mean (CI 95%)

N

Mean (CI 95%)

N

Mean (CI 95%)

N

Mean (CI 95%)

Total direct costs

12,053 (30.7%)

€3809 [€3691–€3935]

18,119 (46.1%)

€4284 [€4176–€4394]***

7383 (18.8%)

€5548 [€5328–€5774]***

1752 (4.5%)

€8309 [€7583–€9065]***

Ambulatory costs

12,053 (30.7%)

€553 [€533–€574]

18,119 (46.1%)

€601 [€579–€623]***

7383 (18.8%)

€588 [€558–€621]

1752 (4.5%)

€579 [€511–€662]

Medication costs

12,053 (30.7%)

€594 [€571–€619]

18,119 (46.1%)

€716 [€688–€746]***

7383 (18.8%)

€930 [€877–€994]***

1752 (4.5%)

€1486 [€1176–€1862]***

Hospitalization

12,053 (30.7%)

€2045 [€1946–€2147]

18,119 (46.1%)

€2268 [€2184–€2354]***

7383 (18.8%)

€3000 [€2836–€3169]***

1752 (4.5%)

€4272 [€3819–€4711]***

Rehabilitation costs

12,053 (30.7%)

€128 [€116–€141]

18,119 (46.1%)

€145 [€134–€157]*

7383 (18.8%)

€179 [€160–€201]***

1752 (4.5%)

€259 [€215–€305]***

Remedies

12,053 (30.7%)

€400 [€384–€417]

18,119 (46.1%)

€427 [€413–€442]*

7383 (18.8%)

€609 [€579–€640]***

1752 (4.5%)

€1068 [€978–€1158]***

Travel costs

12,053 (30.7%)

€113 [€105–€122]

18,119 (46.1%)

€130 [€186–€214]**

7383 (18.8%)

€200 [€186–€214]***

1752 (4.5%)

€321 [€279–€366]***

Total indirect costs

3705 (31.0%)

€11,784 [€11,257–€12,318]

5473 (45.7%)

€12,985 [€12,531–€13,443]**

2160 (18.1%)

€15,805 [€15,034–€16,584]***

632 (5.3%)

€19,402 [€17,853–€21,017]***

Sick day costs

3705 (31.0%)

€2941 [€2750–€3132]

5473 (45.7%)

€3162 [€2984–€3344]

2160 (18.1%)

€3256 [€2975–€3534]

632 (5.3%)

€3195 [€2633–€3806]

Premature retirement costs

3705 (31.0%)

€9105 [€8622–€9575]

5473 (45.7%)

€9762 [€9361–€10,159]*

2160 (18.1%)

€12,247 [€11,582–€12,919]***

632 (5.3%)

€15,634 [€14,390–€16,901]***

  1. Significant differences between GOLD grade 1 and the other groups:* p < 0.05 ** p < 0.01 *** p < 0.001.
  2. Confidence intervals and p-values of the cost differences were derived by bootstrapping the original data set with 5000 bootstraps [17]
  3. bold: p > 0.05