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Table 4 Effect of COPD on annual direct and indirect costs – basic and extended models

From: Direct and indirect costs of COPD progression and its comorbidities in a structured disease management program: results from the LQ-DMP study

Covariate

Direct costs

Indirect cots

Basic model

Extended model

Basic model

Extended model

Exp(beta) (CI 95%)

Exp(beta) (CI 95%)

Exp(beta) (CI 95%)

Exp(beta) (CI 95%)

Intercept

 

2349.13 (2236.80-2467.10)

2047.55 (1937.01-2164.19)

4225.11 (3770.26-4734.82)

3425.83 (2959.28-3965.95)

GOLD

Grade 1

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Grade 2

1.13 (1.10–1.16)

1.12 (1.09–1.15)

1.08 (0.99–1.18)

1.08 (0.99–1.18)

Grade 3

1.46 (1.41–1.51)

1.45 (1.40–1.50)

1.33 (1.19–1.49)

1.36 (1.21–1.52)

Grade 4

2.18 (2.06–2.32)

2.29 (2.16–2.43)

1.64 (1.37–1.96)

1.74 (1.45–2.09)

Age (years)

< 55

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

55–64

1.34 (1.28–1.40)

1.17 (1.12–1.23)

1.96 (1.80–2.14)

1.85 (1.70–2.02)

65–74

1.57 (1.50–1.64)

1.26 (1.20–1.32)

> 74

1.81 (1.73–1.89)

1.39 (1.32–1.46)

Sex

Female

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Male

1.04 (1.02–1.07)

1.00 (0.97–1.02)

1.03 (0.95–1.12)

1.03 (0.95–1.12)

Income

% income < €5.000

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

% income€5000 < €10,000

1.07 (1.04–1.10)

1.05 (1.02–1.08)

3.20 (2.85–3.59)

3.18 (2.83–3.57)

% income €10,000 < €15,000

1.06 (1.02–1.10)

1.04 (1.01–1.08)

2.14 (1.87–2.46)

2.14 (1.87–2.45)

% income €15,000 < €20,000

0.97 (0.93–1.02)

0.99 (0.94–1.03)

1.46 (1.26–1.68)

1.49 (1.29–1.38)

% income €20,000 < €30,000

0.81 (0.77–0.87)

0.85 (0.81–0.89)

1.17 (1.03–1.31)

1.23 (1.09–1.38)

% income €30,000 < €50,000

0.82 (0.77–0.87)

0.87 (0.82–0.92)

1.00 (0.89–1.14)

1.05 (0.93–1.19)

% income ≥ €50.000

0.84 (0.74–0.96)

0.88 (0.78–1.00)

1.01 (0.78–1.32)

1.04 (0.80–1.35)

Smoking status

Never smokers or former smokers (quit > 8 years ago)

 

1.00

 

1.00

Current smokers

 

0.91 (0.89–0.94)

 

0.94 (0.86–1.03)

Former smokers (quit within the last 8 years)

 

1.12 (1.08–1.16)

 

1.03 (0.91–1.15)

Weight

Normal weight

 

1.00

 

1.00

Underweight

 

1.29 (1.18–1.40)

 

1.24 (0.97–1.57)

Overweight

 

0.92 (0.89–0.95)

 

1.02 (0.92–1.13)

Obese

 

0.99 (0.96–1.02)

 

1.16 (1.06–1.27)

Comorbidities

Diabetes

 

1.32 (1.29–1.36)

 

1.22 (1.11–1.35)

Stroke

 

1.30 (1.27–1.34)

 

1.25 (1.13–1.39)

Infarction

 

1.51 (1.46–1.57)

 

1.16 (1.01–1.34)

Cancer

 

1.38 (1.35–1.42)

 

1.27 (1.16–1.39)

Arthritis

 

1.19 (1.15–1.23)

 

1.22 (1.07–1.39)

  1. bold: p > 0.05