Table 3 Unadjusted healthcare utilization, work absenteeism and resulting costs
GOLD grade 1 | GOLD grade 2 | GOLD grade 3 | GOLD grade 4 | p-value | |
N | 12,053 (30.7%) | 18,119 (46.1%) | 7383 (18.8%) | 1752 (4.5%) | |
Healthcare utilization | |||||
Outpatient services | |||||
% User | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 1.0000 |
Total number of visits | 15.8 (8.7) | 16.0 (9.0) | 15.3 (8.7) | 14.1 (8.0) | < 0.0001 |
General practitioner | 8.2 (5.7) | 8.4 (5.9) | 8.2 (5.8) | 7.8 (5.5) | < 0.0001 |
Specialist | 6.3 (5.4) | 6.4 (5.6) | 6.0 (5.3) | 5.3 (4.6) | < 0..0001 |
Inpatient services | |||||
% User | 10.9 | 12.7 | 17.5 | 23.0 | < 0.0001 |
Number of hospital days | 4.3 (12.5) | 4.8 (12.6) | 6.6 (14.6) | 8.9 (17.2) | < 0.0001 |
Prescribed medication | |||||
%User | 97.6 | 98.3 | 98.8 | 99.1 | < 0.0001 |
Number of prescribed drugs | 15.4 (12.1) | 17.0 (12.6) | 20.0 (14.5) | 22.1 (14.8) | < 0.0001 |
Direct costs | |||||
Outpatient costs | €548 | €600 | €604 | €564 | 0.0109 |
Inpatients costs | €2034 | €2271 | €3042 | €4192 | < 0.0001 |
Medication costs | €593 | €716 | €932 | €1478 | < 0.0001 |
Rehabilitation | €130 | €146 | €176 | €232 | < 0.0001 |
Aids and Remedies | €404 | €428 | €603 | €1016 | < 0.0001 |
Travel costs | €112 | €131 | €203 | €320 | < 0.0001 |
Total direct costs | €3821 | €4292 | €5561 | €7801 | < 0.0001 |
GOLD grade 1 | GOLD grade 2 | GOLD grade 3 | GOLD grade 4 | p-value | |
N | 3705 (31.0%) | 5473 (45.7%) | 2160 (18.1%) | 632 (5.3%) | |
Works absenteeism (participants < 65 years) | |||||
%retired | 22.0 | 25.6 | 37.2 | 50.6 | < 0.0001 |
%employed | 52.9 | 47.0 | 38.3 | 25.6 | < 0.0001 |
% with sick days | 78.8 | 80.0 | 81.2 | 81.5 | 0.4724 |
Number of sick days | 43.3 | 44.9 | 53.0 | 66.1 | 0.0001 |
Indirect costs (participants < 65 years) | |||||
Sick days | €3069 | €3148 | €3138 | €2737 | < 0.0001 |
Premature retirement | €8777 | €10,188 | €14,743 | €20,195 | < 0.0001 |
Total indirect costs | €11,846 | €13,336 | €17,880 | €22,932 | < 0.0001 |