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Table 1 Subject Characteristics

From: Loss of skin elasticity is associated with pulmonary emphysema, biomarkers of inflammation, and matrix metalloproteinase activity in smokers

Total subjects (N)

236

Age, mean ± SD

70.4 ± 5.9

Non-Hispanic white, n (%)

236 (100)

Male gender, n (%)

123 (52.1)

BMI, mean ± SD

28.4 ± 4.5

Pack years, median (IQR)

48 (37.5–70)

Current smoker, n (%)

74 (31.4)

FWS, median (IQR)

3 (2.0 to 3.5)

Wrinkled, n (%)

46 (19.5)

VE, median (IQR)

2.5 (1.8 to 3.4)

FEV1% predicted, mean ± SD

82.6 ± 22.4

FEV1/FVC%, mean ± SD

67.7 ± 13.3

FEV1/FVC < 70%, n (%)

113 (47.9%)

GOLD stage, n (% of total N)

 0 (Non-obstructed)

123 (52.1%)

 I

31 (13.2%)

 II

23 (9.8%)

 III

36 (15.3%)

 IV

20 (8.5%)

DLCO % predicted, mean ± SD

67.2 ± 18.0

RV % predicted, mean ± SD

120.5 ± 33.8

RV/TLC %, mean ± SD

44.2 ± 9.0

Visual emphysema, n (%)

130 (55.1%)

%LAA, mean ± SD

4.0 ± 8.2

Perc15, mean ± SD

− 910.9 ± 26.9

  1. Notes: BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation; FWS, facial wrinkling score; IQR, interquartile range; VE; skin viscoelasticity modulus; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity in 1 s; GOLD, Global initiative for obstructive lung disease; DLCO, diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide; RV, residual volume; TLC, total lung capacity; LAA% = low attenuation areas, lung voxels with Hounsfield Unit (HU) values less than − 950; Perc15, HU value at the 15th percentile of the HU value histogram of lung voxels