Table 3 Lung function in each study group

FEV₁ z-scores^a

−0.94***

(− 1.57; −0.08)

0.28

(−0.27; 1.18)

0.14

(−0.52; 0.77)

0.78

(−0.03; 1.26)

FEV₁% pred.^a

88.9***

(81.4; 99.1)

103.3

(96.9; 113.3)

101.7

(94.1; 109.0)

108.9

(99.7; 114.1)

FVC z-scores^a

−0.32*

(− 1.24; 0.14)

− 0.26

(− 0.64; 0.60)

0.13

(− 0.48; 0.85)

0.37

(− 0.18; 0.85)

FVC % pred.^a

96*

(85.6; 101.7)

96.9

(92.2; 107.5)

101.6

(94.5; 110.4)

104.6

(97.9; 109.8)

FEV₁/FVC^b

0.82***

(0.79; 0.85)

0.91

(0.87; 0.94)

0.86

(0.83; 0.89)

0.90

(0.87; 0.93)

FEV₁/FVC

z-scores ^a

−0.67***

(−1.86; 0.18)

0.82

(0.13; 1.33)

−0.20*

(− 0.43; 0.33)

0.42

(− 0.26; 0.89)

Reversibility %

6.9

(3.3; 10.9)

3.7

(1.4; 7.6)

5.9

(3.7; 8.3)

4.3

(1.9; 6.2)

Methacholine challenge pos.

19 (73)

13 (56)

23 (100)

0

TLC % pred.^a

95*

(87.5; 101.5)

97

(92; 114)

99

(95; 106)

104

(95.5; 108)

RV % pred.^a

88

(60.5; 99.5)

79

(65; 132)

72.5

(52; 96)

84.5

(68.5; 105.5)

VC % pred.^a

96.5**

(88; 106)

103

(96; 110)

106

(99; 113)

107

(100.5; 115.5)

RV/TLC

20

(17; 24.5)

20.5

(17.5; 22.5)

18.5

(14; 23)

19

(17; 22.5)

D_{LCO adj} % pred.^a

67***

(64; 73)

73***

(65; 83)

81.5

(75; 91)

86.5

(80; 96)

LCI^a

6.97***

(6.84; 7.72)

6.73

(6.29; 7.12)

6.75

(6.37; 7.08)

6.50

(6.31; 6.72)

R_5–20

(kPa/L/sec)^b

0.014

(−0.002; 0.030)

0.021

(0.003; 0.039)

0.015

(−0.003; 0.033)

0.007

(− 0.010; 0.024)

AX^0.5

(kPa/L)^b

0.156

(0.120; 0.192)

0.163

(0.123; 0.202)

0.140

(0.099; 0.181)

0.125

(0.086; 0.164)