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Table 3 Subgroup analyses of risk of depression in patients with ACO versus patients with COPD alone

From: Differences in the risk of mood disorders in patients with asthma-COPD overlap and in patients with COPD alone: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study in Korea

Category

ACO (n = 7822)

COPD alone (n = 7822)

Adjusteda HR (95% CI)

P value for interaction

Events

PY

Rate

Events

PY

Rate

History of comorbidities in previous year

 Hypertension

  Yes (n = 5412)

716

14,214

50.4

621

13,641

45.5

1.05(0.94–1.17)

0.2998

  No (n = 10,232)

1192

29,166

40.9

1033

29,701

34.8

1.13(1.04–1.23)

 

 Diabetes

  Yes (n = 3077)

456

7961

57.3

367

7642

48.0

1.10(0.96–1.27)

0.9458

  No (n = 12,567)

1452

35,419

41.0

1287

35,700

36.1

1.10(1.02–1.18)

 

 Hyperlipidemia

  Yes (n = 2632)

383

6425

59.6

337

6538

51.5

1.13(0.98–1.31)

0.6766

  No (n = 13,012)

1525

36,955

41.3

1317

36,805

35.8

1.10(1.02–1.18)

 

 Ischaemic heart disease

  Yes (n = 1228)

181

3189

56.8

142

2812

50.5

1.09(0.87–1.36)

0.8601

  No (n = 14,416)

1727

40,191

43.0

1512

40,530

37.3

1.10(1.03–1.18)

 

 Sleep disorder

  Yes (n = 1159)

228

2750

82.9

187

2546

73.4

1.10(0.91–1.34)

0.9332

  No (n = 14,485)

1680

40,630

41.3

1467

40,796

36.0

1.10(1.03–1.18)

 

 Alcohol-related illness

  Yes (n = 463)

81

1207

67.1

39

1317

29.6

2.12(1.44–3.12)

0.0008

  No (n = 15,181)

1827

42,173

43.3

1615

42,026

38.4

1.08(1.01–1.16)

 

 Epilepsy

  Yes (n = 129)

24

289

83.1

10

271

36.9

2.11(1.00–4.45)

0.0601

  No (n = 15,515)

1884

43,092

43.7

1644

43,071

38.2

1.10(1.03–1.17)

 

 Cancer

  Yes (n = 1769)

271

4426

61.2

184

4243

43.4

1.31(1.09–1.58)

0.0562

  No (n = 13,875)

1637

38,954

42.0

1470

39,099

37.6

1.07(1.00–1.15)

 

 Arthritis

  Yes (n = 3089)

442

8333

53.0

413

8150

50.7

0.99(0.87–1.13)

0.1019

  No (n = 12,555)

1466

35,048

41.8

1241

35,192

35.3

1.14(1.06–1.23)

 

 Parkinson’s disease

  Yes (n = 83)

10

144

69.3

9

141

63.7

0.59(0.22–1.60)

0.5441

  No (n = 15,561)

1898

43,236

43.9

1645

43,201

38.1

1.10(1.03–1.18)

 

 Dementia

  Yes (n = 158)

15

227

66.1

22

223

98.5

0.76(0.39–1.50)

0.1681

  No (n = 15,486)

1893

43,153

43.9

1632

43,119

37.8

1.11(1.04–1.18)

 

 Obesity

  Yes (n = 10)

0

19

0.0

3

35

86.6

1.99(NA)

0.8967

  No (n = 15,634)

1908

43,361

44.0

1651

43,308

38.1

1.10(1.03–1.18)

 

 Cerebrovascular disease

  Yes (n = 1227)

172

2867

60.0

157

2642

59.4

0.96(0.77–1.20)

0.1887

  No (n = 14,417)

1736

40,514

42.8

1497

40,700

36.8

1.12(1.04–1.20)

 

 Atherosclerosis

  Yes (n = 328)

47

751

62.6

33

722

45.7

1.23(0.79–1.94)

0.7111

  No (n = 15,316)

1861

42,630

43.7

1621

42,620

38.0

1.10(1.03–1.18)

 

Use of concurrent medications within 6 months before the date of outcomes

 Calcium antagonists

  Yes (n = 892)

149

2150

69.3

109

1796

60.7

1.09(0.85–1.40)

0.7505

  No (n = 14,752)

1759

41,230

42.7

1545

41,546

37.2

1.10(1.03–1.18)

 

 Corticosteroids

        

  Yes (n = 7658)

1192

22,314

53.4

848

18,580

45.6

1.15(1.05–1.26)

0.1887

  No (n = 7986)

716

21,066

34.0

806

24,762

32.6

1.05(0.95–1.16)

 

 Digitalis

        

  Yes (n = 509)

67

1186

56.5

51

1007

50.7

1.11(0.77–1.61)

0.9571

  No (n = 15,135)

1841

42,194

43.6

1603

42,335

37.9

1.10(1.03–1.18)

 

 Benzodiazepines

        

  Yes (n = 5425)

1098

13,671

80.3

943

12,750

74.0

1.08(0.99–1.18)

0.2176

  No (n = 10,219)

810

29,709

27.3

711

30,593

23.2

1.14(1.03–1.26)

 
  1. Bold results represent statistically significant P value for interaction
  2. ACO asthma-COPD overlap, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PY person-year; Rate, incidence rate (per 1000 person-years); HR, hazard ratio
  3. aAdjusted for medications - including calcium antagonists (diltiazem, nifedipine, verapamil), corticosteroids, digitalis, and benzodiazepines - prescribed within 6 months before the date of outcomes