Category | ACO (n = 7822) | COPD alone (n = 7822) | Adjusteda HR (95% CI) | P value for interaction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Events | PY | Rate | Events | PY | Rate | |||
History of comorbidities in previous year | ||||||||
 Hypertension | ||||||||
  Yes (n = 5412) | 716 | 14,214 | 50.4 | 621 | 13,641 | 45.5 | 1.05(0.94–1.17) | 0.2998 |
  No (n = 10,232) | 1192 | 29,166 | 40.9 | 1033 | 29,701 | 34.8 | 1.13(1.04–1.23) |  |
 Diabetes | ||||||||
  Yes (n = 3077) | 456 | 7961 | 57.3 | 367 | 7642 | 48.0 | 1.10(0.96–1.27) | 0.9458 |
  No (n = 12,567) | 1452 | 35,419 | 41.0 | 1287 | 35,700 | 36.1 | 1.10(1.02–1.18) |  |
 Hyperlipidemia | ||||||||
  Yes (n = 2632) | 383 | 6425 | 59.6 | 337 | 6538 | 51.5 | 1.13(0.98–1.31) | 0.6766 |
  No (n = 13,012) | 1525 | 36,955 | 41.3 | 1317 | 36,805 | 35.8 | 1.10(1.02–1.18) |  |
 Ischaemic heart disease | ||||||||
  Yes (n = 1228) | 181 | 3189 | 56.8 | 142 | 2812 | 50.5 | 1.09(0.87–1.36) | 0.8601 |
  No (n = 14,416) | 1727 | 40,191 | 43.0 | 1512 | 40,530 | 37.3 | 1.10(1.03–1.18) |  |
 Sleep disorder | ||||||||
  Yes (n = 1159) | 228 | 2750 | 82.9 | 187 | 2546 | 73.4 | 1.10(0.91–1.34) | 0.9332 |
  No (n = 14,485) | 1680 | 40,630 | 41.3 | 1467 | 40,796 | 36.0 | 1.10(1.03–1.18) |  |
 Alcohol-related illness | ||||||||
  Yes (n = 463) | 81 | 1207 | 67.1 | 39 | 1317 | 29.6 | 2.12(1.44–3.12) | 0.0008 |
  No (n = 15,181) | 1827 | 42,173 | 43.3 | 1615 | 42,026 | 38.4 | 1.08(1.01–1.16) |  |
 Epilepsy | ||||||||
  Yes (n = 129) | 24 | 289 | 83.1 | 10 | 271 | 36.9 | 2.11(1.00–4.45) | 0.0601 |
  No (n = 15,515) | 1884 | 43,092 | 43.7 | 1644 | 43,071 | 38.2 | 1.10(1.03–1.17) |  |
 Cancer | ||||||||
  Yes (n = 1769) | 271 | 4426 | 61.2 | 184 | 4243 | 43.4 | 1.31(1.09–1.58) | 0.0562 |
  No (n = 13,875) | 1637 | 38,954 | 42.0 | 1470 | 39,099 | 37.6 | 1.07(1.00–1.15) |  |
 Arthritis | ||||||||
  Yes (n = 3089) | 442 | 8333 | 53.0 | 413 | 8150 | 50.7 | 0.99(0.87–1.13) | 0.1019 |
  No (n = 12,555) | 1466 | 35,048 | 41.8 | 1241 | 35,192 | 35.3 | 1.14(1.06–1.23) |  |
 Parkinson’s disease | ||||||||
  Yes (n = 83) | 10 | 144 | 69.3 | 9 | 141 | 63.7 | 0.59(0.22–1.60) | 0.5441 |
  No (n = 15,561) | 1898 | 43,236 | 43.9 | 1645 | 43,201 | 38.1 | 1.10(1.03–1.18) |  |
 Dementia | ||||||||
  Yes (n = 158) | 15 | 227 | 66.1 | 22 | 223 | 98.5 | 0.76(0.39–1.50) | 0.1681 |
  No (n = 15,486) | 1893 | 43,153 | 43.9 | 1632 | 43,119 | 37.8 | 1.11(1.04–1.18) |  |
 Obesity | ||||||||
  Yes (n = 10) | 0 | 19 | 0.0 | 3 | 35 | 86.6 | 1.99(NA) | 0.8967 |
  No (n = 15,634) | 1908 | 43,361 | 44.0 | 1651 | 43,308 | 38.1 | 1.10(1.03–1.18) |  |
 Cerebrovascular disease | ||||||||
  Yes (n = 1227) | 172 | 2867 | 60.0 | 157 | 2642 | 59.4 | 0.96(0.77–1.20) | 0.1887 |
  No (n = 14,417) | 1736 | 40,514 | 42.8 | 1497 | 40,700 | 36.8 | 1.12(1.04–1.20) |  |
 Atherosclerosis | ||||||||
  Yes (n = 328) | 47 | 751 | 62.6 | 33 | 722 | 45.7 | 1.23(0.79–1.94) | 0.7111 |
  No (n = 15,316) | 1861 | 42,630 | 43.7 | 1621 | 42,620 | 38.0 | 1.10(1.03–1.18) |  |
Use of concurrent medications within 6 months before the date of outcomes | ||||||||
 Calcium antagonists | ||||||||
  Yes (n = 892) | 149 | 2150 | 69.3 | 109 | 1796 | 60.7 | 1.09(0.85–1.40) | 0.7505 |
  No (n = 14,752) | 1759 | 41,230 | 42.7 | 1545 | 41,546 | 37.2 | 1.10(1.03–1.18) |  |
 Corticosteroids |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Yes (n = 7658) | 1192 | 22,314 | 53.4 | 848 | 18,580 | 45.6 | 1.15(1.05–1.26) | 0.1887 |
  No (n = 7986) | 716 | 21,066 | 34.0 | 806 | 24,762 | 32.6 | 1.05(0.95–1.16) |  |
 Digitalis |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Yes (n = 509) | 67 | 1186 | 56.5 | 51 | 1007 | 50.7 | 1.11(0.77–1.61) | 0.9571 |
  No (n = 15,135) | 1841 | 42,194 | 43.6 | 1603 | 42,335 | 37.9 | 1.10(1.03–1.18) |  |
 Benzodiazepines |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
  Yes (n = 5425) | 1098 | 13,671 | 80.3 | 943 | 12,750 | 74.0 | 1.08(0.99–1.18) | 0.2176 |
  No (n = 10,219) | 810 | 29,709 | 27.3 | 711 | 30,593 | 23.2 | 1.14(1.03–1.26) |  |