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Fig. 1 | Respiratory Research

Fig. 1

From: Effects of airway obstruction and hyperinflation on electrocardiographic axes in COPD

Fig. 1

Mean values of the orientations of P wave (a), QRS (b) and T wave axes (c) using the Cabrera format are shown for spirometric GOLD grades 1–4 (left panel). GOLD grade 0 axes did not differ significantly from GOLD 1 and were thus omitted in the illustration to prevent an overlay. To show the additional dependence of the axes on FRC, plots of mean values versus mean values of FRC % predicted and the standard error of mean (bidirectional) for each GOLD grade 0–1 is shown (right panel). Post hoc comparisons revealed multiple significant differences of the axis orientation among GOLD grades as indicated by the means and error bars. In particular, significant differences were observed for all axes between GOLD grade 1 and 3 (p < 0.001), GOLD 1 and 4 (p < 0.001; except QRS: p = 0.008), GOLD grade 2 and 3 (p < 0.001), GOLD 2 and 4 (p < 0.001; except QRS: p = 0.015)

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