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Table 6 Survival analyses showing time to primary endpoints outcome (all-cause mortality) and secondary endpoints (respiratory specific mortality and respiratory hospitalisation) in a time-dependent multivariate analyses

From: The effect of changes to GOLD severity stage on long term morbidity and mortality in COPD

GOLD Category Change

Primary outcome

Secondary outcome

Multivariate time dependent analyses

Respiratory specific mortality

Respiratory hospitalisation

HR (95% CI)

P value

HR (95% CI)

P value

HR (95% CI)

P value

A → A

1.00 ref

 

1.00 ref

 

1.00 ref

 

A → BC

1.66 (1.34–2.07)

<.0001

2.28 (1.50–3.46)

0.0001

1.62 (1.31–2.01)

<.0001

A → D

2.08 (1.30–3.32)

0.0022

4.68 (2.37–9.23)

<.0001

3.13 (2.13–4.60)

<.0001

BC → A

1.58 (1.23–2.02)

0.0003

2.27 (1.43–3.60)

0.0005

1.44 (1.13–1.83)

0.0034

BC → BC

1.98 (1.67–2.35)

<.0001

3.27 (2.34–4.55)

<.0001

2.32 (1.97–2.73)

<.0001

BC → D

3.21 (2.61–3.94)

<.0001

7.51 (5.30–10.66)

<.0001

4.81 (3.98–5.82)

<.0001

D → A

1.31 (0.61–2.78)

0.4890

0.79 (0.11–5.70)

0.8112

1.01 (0.42–2.46)

0.9755

D → BC

2.96 (2.32–3.78)

<.0001

7.38 (4.99–10.93)

<.0001

4.12 (3.29–5.17)

<.0001

D → D

4.31 (3.64–5.10)

<.0001

12.86 (9.47–17.46)

<.0001

5.87 (4.97–6.92)

<.0001

  1. In a model that also adjusted for age, sex, smoking history, BMI, use of COPD related medication at baseline, history of cardiovascular events, history of cardiovascular protecting therapies, renal failure, Charlson comorbidity index and socioeconomic status