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Fig. 1 | Respiratory Research

Fig. 1

From: Airway epithelial cells exposed to wildfire smoke extract exhibit dysregulated autophagy and barrier dysfunction consistent with COPD

Fig. 1

Necrosis in human airway epithelial cells exposed to WFSE. a Application of 7.5–10% wildfire smoke extract (WFSE) into cultures of the 16HBE14o- airway epithelial cell line elicits a significant cytotoxic response (release of lactate dehydrogenase from compromised cells) vs. control cells, after a 24 h exposure period. Over shorter periods, cytotoxicity was not significantly induced compared to base-line levels of cell turnover. b Primary small airway epithelial cells did not demonstrate a significant cytotoxic response (compared to the control exposure) after 6 h using a similar treatment regimen, and for the 10% cigarette smoke extract (10% CSE) exposure.Intervals are SE. * P ≤ 0.05, **** P ≤ 0.0001. Each time point represents n = 3 experiments

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