Fig. 4

Similar cytokine release upon TNFα challenge in COPD versus non-COPD. Pulmonary fibroblasts from COPD (n = 15) and non-COPD patients (n = 27) were unstimulated (control) or challenged with TNFα in 0.1% BSA-DMEM (1 ng/ml) for 48 h. Cell free supernatants were collected and CXCL8 (a) and IL-6 (b) release was measured using ELISA. All data are represented as mean ± standard error of the mean. Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc testing was used to determine statistical significance. There were no statistical differences