Table 3 Comparison of baseline characteristics, medical utilization, and costs between subjects with and without medically diagnosed COPD

Age

68.58 ± 7.77

56.70 ± 11.00

< 0.001

Male, n (%)

123 (93.9)

2377 (93.8)

0.954

Height (cm)

164.04 ± 6.25

166.94 ± 6.86

< 0.001

Weight (kg)

60.35 ± 9.89

67.5 ± 10.2

< 0.001

 Current smoking, n (%)

67 (51.2)

1351 (53.3)

0.631

 Pack-years

41.1 ± 23.69

30.7 ± 18.52

< 0.001

 Pulmonary tuberculosis

28 (21.4)

226 (8.9)

< 0.001

 Asthma

3 (26.0)

66 (2.6)

< 0.001

 FVC % predicted

81.14 ± 15.77

89.85 ± 12.85

< 0.001

 FEV₁% predicted

66.37 ± 19.36

87.87 ± 14.17

< 0.001

 FEV₁/FVC

0.59 ± 0.16

0.75 ± 0.09

< 0.001

 Cough for more than 3 months

14 (10.7)

8 (0.3)

< 0.001

 Sputum for more than 3 months

11 (8.4)

13 (0.5)

< 0.001

 Dyspnea

23 (17.6)

21 (0.8)

< 0.001

 Wheezing

60 (45.8)

247 (9.7)

< 0.001

 Chronic bronchitis

14 (10.7)

13 (0.5)

< 0.001

OPD visit, n (%)

116 (88.6)

88 (3.5)

< 0.001

No. of OPD visit

10.88 ± 11.77

0.07 ± 0.59

< 0.001

Hospitalization, n (%)

67 (51.2)

124 (4.9)

< 0.001

ER visit, n (%)

35 (26.7)

36 (1.4)

< 0.001

ICU admission, n (%)

17 (13.0)

20 (0.8)

< 0.001

Total hospital visit, n (%)

131 (100)

200 (7.9)

ICS, n (%)

25 (19.1)

4 (0.2)

< 0.001

ICS + LABA, n (%)

54 (41.2)

9 (0.4)

< 0.001

LAMA, n (%)

42 (32.1)

6 (0.2)

< 0.001

SAMA, n (%)

44 (33.6)

16 (0.6)

< 0.001

SABA, n (%)

60 (45.8)

19 (0.8)

< 0.001

Systemic bronchodilator, n (%)

75 (57.3)

36 (1.4)

< 0.001

Methylxanthine, n (%)

110 (84.0)

41 (1.6)

< 0.001

Total prescribed medication, n (%)

131 (100.0)

79 (3.1)

–

Hospitalization medical Cost (for 3 years) (USD)

4041.23 ± 6633.39

166.17 ± 1286.46

< 0.001

Total

131

2535