Fig. 3

TGF-β1 down-regulates ESR1, ESR2, and GPER1 mRNA expression in BEAS-2Bs. (a) Relative expression of estrogen receptor subtypes in control cells was GPER1 > ESR1 > ESR2. ESR gene expression was normalized to GAPDH mRNA expression and calculated as a ratio to ESR1 mRNA expression. (b-d) BEAS-2B cells were exposed to TGF-β1 (0.1, 1, and 5 ng/mL) for 48 h and expression of ESR1 (n = 3; b), ESR2 (n = 2; c), and GPER1 (n = 3; d) mRNA was measured by qPCR. Target gene expression was normalized to GAPDH mRNA expression and quantified as fold change to control using the relative ΔΔCq method. Data are mean ± SEM and different letters indicate statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences between groups as determined by one-way ANOVA and Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test