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Table 4 Risk factors associated with the odds of pneumonic infiltrate at exacerbation

From: Impact of radiologically stratified exacerbations: insights into pneumonia aetiology in COPD

Characteristic

OR

(95% CI)

P-value

Age (per year)

0.996

(0.952–1.042)

0.869

Male sex

1.036

(0.501–2.143)

0.923

BMI (per 1 kg/m2)

0.995

(0.938–1.056)

0.938

Current smoker

1.524

(0.700–3.319)

0.288

ICS use

3.552

(0.322–39.159

0.301

Maintenance bronchodilator usea

1.253

(0.182–8.641)

0.819

FEV1% predicted

  ≥ 50%

Reference

  

 30- < 50%

1.044

(0.496–2.198)

0.909

  < 30%

1.987

(0.763–5.174)

0.159

Season

 Spring (Mar – May)

1.435

(0.498–4.134)

0.504

 Summer (Jun – Aug)

Reference

  

 Autumn (Sep – Nov)

1.198

(0.407–3.523)

0.743

 Winter (Dec – Feb)

3.056

(1.139–8.200)

0.027

Sputum purulence

1.112

(0.572–2.162)

0.755

Fever

2.583

(0.979–6.811)

0.055

Cold and/or sore throat

0.435

(0.223–0.847)

0.014

Blood eosinophils < 2% at exacerbation

0.871

(0.451–1.681)

0.680

CRP < 6 mg/L

Reference

  

CRP 6–18 mg/L

2.886

(1.123–7.419)

0.028

CRP > 18 mg/L

5.723

(2.273–14.407)

< 0.001

  1. BMI body mass index, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, CRP C-reactive protein
  2. Clustered multivariate logistic regression analysis, including the patient as a random effect, for 313 exacerbations (63 with infiltrate, 250 without) with complete data for all the variables included in the model. Other independent variables included in the regression model were influenza and pneumococcal vaccine in the year prior to enrolment
  3. arefers to the use of either a long acting beta agonist or long acting muscarinic antagonist, alone or in combination with other inhaled medication
  4. CRP ranges based on categorisation by tertiles