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Table 2 Estimated cumulative effects of prenatal PM2.5 exposure over gestation: accounting for interaction by sex, sensitive windows and within-window effects identified by BDLIM

From: Prenatal fine particulate exposure associated with reduced childhood lung function and nasal epithelia GSTP1 hypermethylation: Sex-specific effects

Spirometry (z-scores)a

Overall

Interaction Model

   

Girls

Boys

Cumulative Effect

95% CI

Cumulative Effect

95% CI

Cumulative Effect

95% CI

 FEV1

− 0.05

− 0.13

0.02

0.10

0.00

0.18

− 0.10

− 0.19

− 0.01

 FVC

− 0.09

− 0.17

− 0.02

0.03

− 0.05

0.14

− 0.12

− 0.20

−0.01

 FEV1/FVC

0.03

−0.05

0.09

0.02

−0.04

0.11

0.02

−0.04

0.10

 FEF25–75

0.03

−0.05

0.09

0.08

−0.01

0.17

0.00

−0.07

0.07

  1. aModels were adjusted for maternal age and education, and z-scores were adjusted for child’s age at spirometry test, sex, height, race/ethnicity; corresponding to per 1 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5