Fig. 1

IL-1β-IL-1RI-mediateded AM pyroptosis and lung inflammation in response to LPS. In AM LPS-TLR4 signaling not only activates Nlrp3 inflammasome activation and subsequent release of IL-1β, but also up-regulates IL-1RI cell surface expression through MyD88 and NF-κB dependent signaling. The upregulated IL-1RI, therefore, sensitizes AM to IL-1β and results in pyroptosome activation, which in turn leads to AM pyroptosis, a type of caspase-1-dependent inflammatory cell death, and subsequent exaggerated lung inflammation (This figure is adapted from the Ref. [36]. Adapted with permission)