Fig. 1
From: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: pathogenesis and management
Schematic view of IPF pathogenesis. Repeated injuries over time lead to maladaptive repair process, characterized by AEC2s apoptosis, proliferation and epithelium-mesenchymal cross-talk (a) and following fibroblasts, myofibroblasts proliferation and accumulation of extracellular matrix (b).CCL2: chemokine C-C motif ligand 2; CXCL12: C-X-C motif chemokine 12; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; PAI-2: plasminogen activator inhibitor 2; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; TGF-β1: Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor