Fig. 5

Vildagliptin attenuated ROS production in PVECs. a After LPS injection, intracellular ROS significantly rose in PVECs, then peaked after 7 days, and eventually returned to the base line on day 14 (*P < 0.05; n = 6). Intracellular ROS measured in PVECs significantly decreased in LPS-PVECs treated with vildagliptin (Vilda). PVECs ROS production was determined by FCM using DCFDA. Values are means ± SEM. b Fluorescence intensity of oxidized DCFDA in viable HMVEC-Ls (PI⁻/CD31⁺/CD45⁻ cells) from control- and LPS-treated HMVEC-Ls with or without vildagliptin (Vilda) or Linagliptin (Lina) are shown. The fluorescence intensity increased within 2 h of LPS challenge, which was before the increase in EndMT-HMVEC-Ls. These phenotypic changes were suppressed by vildagliptin or linagliptin (*P < 0.05; n = 4). Values are means ± SEM