Fig. 6

Treatment with caffeine modulates timely progression of dexamethasone-induced CTGF mRNA expression in H441 cells. H441 cells were treated with 1 μM dexamethasone and/or 10 mM caffeine for different time points as indicated. CTGF (a) and TNF-α (b) mRNA levels of H441 cells were normalized to GAPDH, and fold differences compared to untreated cells were calculated for each time point. Means + SD of n = 4 experiments are shown. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 increased mRNA expression compared to untreated controls