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Fig. 8 | Respiratory Research

Fig. 8

From: Combination of glycopyrronium and indacaterol inhibits carbachol-induced ERK5 signal in fibrotic processes

Fig. 8

Schematic illustration of CCh-induced endogenous TGF-β1 signaling loop in COPD lung fibroblasts. Carbachol (CCh) induces ERK5 activation directly or indirectly through stimulating endogenous transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) release. Glycopyrronium (GLY) directly blocks CCh binding to its receptor, while indacaterol (IND) interrupts CCh signaling pathway or TGF-β1-induced ERK5 activation. Through these mechanisms, GLY plus IND blocked CCh- or TGF-β1-augmented collagen gel contraction and α-SMA expression

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