From: Associations between chronic comorbidity and exacerbation risk in primary care patients with COPD
 | Cox hazard ratio (95% CI) | p-value |
---|---|---|
Comorbiditya,b | ||
 Bronchiectasis/chronic bronchitis | 1 · 50 (1 · 31–1 · 73) | <0 · 001 |
 Heart failure | 1 · 41 (1 · 29–1 · 55) | <0 · 001 |
 Depression | 1 · 34 (1 · 20–1 · 50) | <0 · 001 |
 Atrial fibrillation | 1 · 27 (1 · 16–1 · 40) | <0 · 001 |
 Asthma | 1 · 24 (1 · 14–1 · 36) | <0 · 001 |
 Peripheral vascular disease | 1 · 15 (1 · 07–1 · 24) | <0 · 001 |
 Prostate disorders | 1 · 20 (1 · 04–1 · 45) | 0 · 002 |
 Blindness & low vision | 1 · 11 (1 · 03–1 · 20) | 0 · 009 |
 Coronary heart disease | 1 · 10 (1 · 02–1 · 17) | 0 · 011 |
 Dyspepsia, gastroesophageal reflux | 1 · 10 (1 · 02–1 · 20) | 0 · 013 |
 Pulmonary cancer | 1 · 23 (1 · 04–1 · 45) | 0 · 016 |
 Recurrent sinusitis | 1 · 53 (1 · 05–2 · 24) | 0 · 028 |
 Osteoporosis/osteopenia | 1 · 12 (1 · 01–1 · 25) | 0 · 037 |
Comorbidity categoryb, c | ||
 Respiratory (excl. pulmonary cancer) | 1 · 26 (1 · 17–1 · 36) | <0 · 001 |
 Urogenital (male and female) | 1 · 18 (1 · 10–1 · 27) | <0 · 001 |
 Cardiovascular | 1 · 16 (1 · 08–1 · 24) | <0 · 001 |
 Mental health | 1 · 16 (1 · 08–1 · 24) | <0 · 001 |
 Eye and ear | 1 · 09 (1 · 02–1 · 16) | 0 · 013 |
 Digestive | 1 · 07 (1 · 00–1 · 15) | 0 · 042 |