Fig. 1
Effect of EPFR exposure on pulmonary Treg induction and IL10 induction. a Timeline demonstrating the exposure of 3 day old neonatal mice to Air or DCB particles (200 μg/m3) for seven consecutive days (blue arrow heads) from day 3 to day 9 of age (0–6 dpe) for 30 min/day. Mice were infected with mouse-adapted influenza A virus (PR/8/34 strain) (white arrow head) at 1.25 TCID50 on 4dpe (0 dpi). At 4 and 6 dpi, lungs were isolated from mice exposed to Air or DCB and infected i.n. with influenza (Air/Flu and DCB/Flu) or sham infected with DPBS (Air/Sham and DCB/Sham). Single cell suspensions were prepared to identify and quantify pulmonary Tregs by flow cytometry. b Time-course of IL10 levels after exposure to EPFRs and influenza infection. Lungs were isolated on 1 and 4 dpe and on 1 and 6 dpi and whole lung homogenates were analyzed for IL10 levels. c, d Treg (percentage CD4+ cells expressing CD25 and Foxp3) frequency in Air/Sham, DCB/Sham, Air/Flu, and DCB/Flu at 4 and 6 dpi, respectively. Data were plotted as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01. b multiple t- tests with Holm-Sidak correction for multiple comparisons and (c, d), Two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test