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Table 5 Baseline Predictors of Beneficial Transitions Over Approximately 5 Years, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 2001–2015, Lovelace Smokers’ Cohort

From: Spirometric variability in smokers: transitions in COPD diagnosis in a five-year longitudinal study

Characteristic

Univariate analysis

Multivariable analysisa

Odds Ratio (95 % CI)

Odds Ratio (95 % CI)

 

‘All Smokers’, irrespective of spirometric disease at baseline

 

n = 1553

Abnormal spirometric state at onset of 18-month observation unit

0.33

(0.31, 0.36)**

0.36

(0.33, 0.39)**

Age ≥ 60 year.

0.67

(0.56, 0.79)**

0.69

(0.56, 0.85)**

Male sex

0.50

(0.43, 0.58)**

0.51

(0.43, 0.6)**

Hispanic ethnicity

1.70

(1.44, 2.00)**

1.90

(1.47, 2.46)**

Excess weight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2)

1.26

(1.1, 1.45)**

1.38

(1.16, 1.64)**

History of hypertension

0.70

(0.61, 0.82)**

0.88

(0.74, 1.06)

History of asthma + bronchodilator reversibility

0.23

(0.11, 0.52)**

0.42

(0.23, 0.77)**

 

‘Smokers with normal spirometry at baseline’

 

n = 956

Abnormal spirometric state at onset of 18-month observation unit

0.34

(0.27, 0.42)**

0.34

(0.28, 0.42)**

Age ≥ 60 year.

0.79

(0.67, 0.94)**

0.88

(0.63, 1.25)

Male sex

0.78

(0.67, 0.91)**

0.51

(0.39, 0.67)**

Hispanic ethnicity

1.17

(0.99, 1.38)

1.62

(1.09, 2.41)*

Excess weight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2)

1.21

(1.05, 1.38)**

1.61

(1.22, 2.11)**

History of hypertension

0.92

(0.79, 1.07)

1.03

(0.77, 1.38)

History of asthma + bronchodilator reversibility

0.19

(0.03, 1.21)

0.12

(0, 2.77)

 

‘Smokers with abnormal spirometry at baseline’

 

n = 597

Abnormal spirometric state at onset of 18-month observation unit

0.77

(0.67, 0.88)**

0.81

(0.7, 0.93)**

Age ≥ 60 year.

0.86

(0.63, 1.16)

0.89

(0.64, 1.23)

Male sex

0.57

(0.44, 0.75)**

0.57

(0.43, 0.75)**

Hispanic ethnicity

2.46

(1.74, 3.49)**

2.59

(1.78, 3.78)**

Excess weight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2)

1.34

(1.03, 1.75)*

1.14

(0.85, 1.52)

History of hypertension

0.96

(0.73, 1.25)

1.07

(0.8, 1.42)

History of asthma + bronchodilator reversibility

0.89

(0.39, 2.06)

0.76

(0.37, 1.59)

  1. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index
  2. aIn the multivariable analysis, each predictor in the model was adjusted for all the remaining predictors in the model
  3. P values <0.05 and 0.01 are represented by symbols * and ** respectively
  4. Repeated measures of smoking status, evaluated as a time-varying covariate, did not predict beneficial transition (p = 0.38) and was therefore not included as a covariate in the multivariable analyses