From: Pharmacological strategies to reduce exacerbation risk in COPD: a narrative review
Risk factors | |
---|---|
• | Older age |
• | Lower body mass index |
• | Continued smoking |
• | Poor exercise capacity |
• | Severity of airflow obstruction |
• | Previous exacerbations (including hospitalizations for exacerbations) |
• | Longer duration of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
• | Co-morbidities (e.g. bronchiectasis, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux) |
• | Respiratory tract infections (viral and bacterial |
• | Chronic bronchial mucus production |
• | Environmental pollutants |
• | Colder weather/temperature |