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Fig. 5 | Respiratory Research

Fig. 5

From: Exposure to common respiratory bacteria alters the airway epithelial response to subsequent viral infection

Fig. 5

Co-stimulation of cells with bacteria and viruses influences cytokine release in a pathogen-specific manner. BEAS-2B cells were first pre-exposed to either NT H. influenzae (a, d), P. aeruginosa (b, e) or S. pneumoniae (c, f) for 4 h and subsequently infected with Influenza B (a–c) or Adenovirus (d–f) for up to 72 h in the presence of bacteria. Concentrations of IL-6 in culture supernatants were determined by ELISA. The theoretical additive effect (dashed line) was calculated as the sum of bacteria and virus-induced cytokine secretion. Symbols indicate a statistically significant effect of bacteria alone (*), virus alone (#) and a significant interaction between bacteria and virus (&) as determined by Two Way Repeated Measures ANOVA (p < 0.05). hpi: hours post viral infection

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