Table 1 Matrix metalloproteinases in pulmonary fibrosis

MMP1

Collagenase 1

↑Plasma ↑Serum

↑ BAL ↑ Lung

Expressed by AECs and AM

No data in Mmp1a mouse (McolA)

Bidirectional correlation with HIF1α in AECs, represses mitochondrial oxygen consumption

[7, 19, 32, 47]

MMP2

Gelatinase A

↑ BAL ↑Lung

Expressed by BECs, AECs, fibroblasts and fibrocytes.

Not done in Mmp2 null mice

-

[27, 46, 63]

MMP3

Stromelysin 1

↑ Serum ↑ BAL ↑Lung

Expressed by BECs, AECs, AM, and fibroblasts

↑ Lung

Mmp3-null mice protected from bleo fibrosis.

Induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition

[35–37, 48, 70]

MMP7

Matrilysin

↑Plasma ↑Serum

↑BAL ↑Lung

Expressed by BECs and AECs

Mmp7-null mice protected from bleo fibrosis

Shows bidirectional correlation with osteopontin

[22, 23, 47]

MMP8

Collagenase 2

↑Plasma

↑BAL ↑Lung

Expressed by blood monocytes, AM, BECs, AECs and fibrocytes

↑ Lung

Mmp8-null mice protected from bleo fibrosis

Facilitates fibrocytes migration

[37, 46, 48, 50–52]

MMP9

Gelatinase B

↑BAL ↑Lung

Expressed by AECs, neutrophils, AM, fibrocytes, and fibroblasts

↑ Lung

Mmp9-null mice

no change with WT in bleo fibrosis

MMP9-over-expression in AM reduces fibrosis

Expressed by Thy-1

(−) lung fibroblasts with TGF-β1; enhances fibroblasts migration

[7, 39, 40, 42, 46, 48]

MMP10

Stromelysin 2

↑ Serum ↑ BAL

Expressed by AM, BECs and AECs

↑ Lung

Not done in Mmp10-null mice

-

[60, 71]

MMP11

Stromelysin 3

^a

Not done in Mmp11-null mice

-

MMP12

Macrophage elastase

↑ BAL

↑ Lung

Mmp12-null mice no changes with WT in bleo fibrosis

-

[37, 57–59]

MMP13

Collagenase 3

↑ Lung

Expressed by AM, BECs and AECs

↑ Lung

Mmp13-null mice increased bleo fibrosis protected from radiation fibrosis

-

[54–56]

MMP14

MT1-MMP

↑ Lung

Expressed by AECs, AM and endothelial cells.

↑ Lung

Deficient mice die between 20 and 90 days after birth

-

[27, 36, 37, 60, 62, 63, 74]

MMP15

MT2-MMP

↑ Lung

Expressed by endothelial and AECs

No data.

-

[63]

MMP16

MT3-MMP

Expressed by fibroblasts and AECs

No data

Upregulated in fibroblasts by TGF-β1

[63]

MMP17

MT4-MMP

^a

No data

-

MMP19

↑ Upregulated in hyperplastic AECs

↑ Lung

Mmp19-null mice increased bleo fibrosis

Positive correlation with COX2 in AECs. Induce an antifibrotic phenotype in fibroblasts

[24–26, 37]

MMP20

Enamelysin

^a

Not done in Mmp20-null mice

-

MMP21

^a

No data.

-

MMP23B

^a

Not done in Mmp23- null mice

-

MMP24

MT5-MMP

Expressed by basal BECs, and in areas of squamous metaplasia

Not done in Mmp24-null mice

-

[63]

MMP25

MT6-MMP

↓ Lung

Cell type localization unknown.

No data

-

[7]

MMP26

Matrilysin-2

^a

Absent in mouse

-

MMP27

^a

No data.

-

MMP28

Epilysin

↑Lung

Mmp28-null mice reduced bleo fibrosis

Protects BECs and AECs from apoptosis

[7, 64, 75]