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Table 2 Association of infants’ pre- and post- natal TSE with socio-demographic, pre-, neo-, post- natal conditions and bronchiolitis hospitalization

From: Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure increases hospitalizations for bronchiolitis in infants

  

Prenatal smoking exposure

Postnatal smoking exposure

   

Passive

Active maternal smoking

   

Newborn and parents’ characteristics

Total

None

maternal smoking

≤15 cig/day

>15 cig/day

None

Out of living environment

In living environment

Socio demographic characteristics of parents

        

 Mother’s Age

33.6 ± 5.3

33.9 ± 5.2

32.9 ± 5.1

32.5 ± 5.8

34.0 ± 5.5

34.1 ± 5.2

32.8 ± 5.3

33.5 ± 5.5

 (y, mean ± SD)

 Parents’ Educational Level

        

  Primary, N. (%)

270

159 (9.7)

50 (14.9)

50 (26.3)

11 (27.5)

115 (8.8)

136 (17.1)

19 (17.6)

  High, N. (%)

1521

1122 (68.2)

243 (72.3)

128 (67.4)

28 (70.0)

885 (67.7)

564 (71.0)

72 (66.7)

  Graduate, N. (%)

419

363 (22.1)

43 (12.8)

12 (6.3)

1 (2.5)

308 (23.5)

94 (11.8)

17 (15.7)

Gestational Age at birth

        

 Weeks

        

  33–34, N. (%)

737

559 (34.0)

102 (30.4)

60 (31.6)

16 (40.0)

427 (32.6)

273 (34.4)

37 (34.3)

  35–37, N. (%)

767

560 (34.1)

114 (33.9)

81 (42.6)

12 (30.0)

447 (34.2)

279 (35.1)

41 (38.0)

   > 37, N. (%)

706

525 (31.9)

120 (35.7)

49 (25.8)

12 (30.0)

434 (33.2)

242 (30.5)

30 (27.8)

Risk conditions

        

  Prenatal Risk

2092

1551 (94.3)

323 (96.1)

180 (94.7)

38 (95.0)

1231 (94.1)

760 (95.7)

101 (93.5)

  Neonatal Risk

1945

1445 (88.5)

299 (89.0)

165 (86.8)

36 (90)

1137 (86.9)

712 (89.7)

96 (88.9)

Environmental risk conditions

        

  Exposure to Epidemic Season

1323

998 (60.7)

196 (58.3)

108 (56.8)

21 (52.5)

790 (60.4)

455 (57.3)

78 (72.2)

  No Breastfeeding

482

352 (21.4)

70 (20.8)

45 (23.7)

15 (37.5)

289 (22.1)

169 (21.3)

24 (22.2)

  Siblings

900

644 (39.2)

145 (43.2)

89 (46.8)

22 (55.0)

520 (39.8)

330 (41.6)

50 (46.3)

  Crowded Living

227

160 (9.7)

35 (10.4)

25 (13.2)

7 (17.5)

141 (10.8)

68 (8.6)

18 (16.7)

  Day Care Atten dance Attendance

357

265 (16.1)

43 (12.8)

43 (22.6)

6 (15.0)

221 (16.9)

117 (14.7)

19 (17.6)

Hospitalizations for bronchiolitis (%)

120 (5.4)

77 (4.7)

26 (7.7)

11 (5.8)

6 (15.0)

65 (5.0)

47 (5.9)

8 (7.4)

TOTAL

2210

1644

336

190

40

1308

794

108