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Table 5 Summary of selected literature relevant to monosaccharides in all-cause mortality prediction

From: Systematic review regarding metabolic profiling for improved pathophysiological understanding of disease and outcome prediction in respiratory infections

First author, year, reference

Marker

Study type

Study population

Key findings

Limitations

Foltran et al., 2013, [112]

Glucose

Single-center, retrospective case-control study

1,018 Italian non-intensive care patients with pneumonia

- Plasma glucose levels of mean 86 mg/dl (95 % CI, 61–102 mg/dl) were associated with minimal risk of in-hospital mortality

- Only admission glucose levels

- Single-center study

- No information on important confounders (e.g. diabetes)

- The OR was 1.33 (95 % CI 1.07–1.66) for each 10 mg/dl of increase in plasma glucose in hyperglycemic patients (>86 mg/dl)

McAlister et al., 2005, [113]

Glucose

Multicenter, observational prospective cohort study (median length of in-hospital stay was 6 days, follow-up until hospital discharge)

2,471 Canadian adults with CAP

- Patients with an admission glucose level >11 mmol/l had an increased risk of death (13 vs. 9 %, p = 0.03) and in-hospital complications (29 vs. 22 %, p = 0.01) compared to those with glucose levels <11 mmol/l

- Glucose only measured once

- No examination of antiglycemic treatments

- Not measured long-term glucose (HbA1c)

- Patients with admission glucose >11 mmol/l had 73 % higher mortality (95 % CI 12–108 %) and a 52 % higher (12–108 %) risk of in-hospital complications compared to patients with glucose levels ≤6.1 mmol/l

Lepper et al., 2012, [114]

Glucose

Multicenter, prospective cohort study (6-month follow-up)

6,891 German patients with CAP (CAPNETZ Study)

- In patients with no pre-existing diabetes an increased serum glucose level was a predictor of death at 28 and 90 days

- Treatment of pneumonia was left to the discretion of the doctor

- Mild hyperglycemia (6-10.99 mmol/l) on admission was associated with an increased risk of death at 90 days (HR 1.56, 95 % CI 1.22–2.01, p < 0.001), and this risk increased to 2.37 (95 % CI, 1.62–3.46, p < 0.001) when serum glucose levels were ≥14 mmol/l

- Did not examine changes in serum glucose

- Glucocorticoid treatments were not recorded

- No HbA1c tests

  1. CAP community-acquired pneumonia, CAPNETZ network of excellence community-acquired pneumonia, Germany, CI confidence interval, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, HR hazard ratio, OR odds ratio, p, p-value are statistically significant at p < 0.05