Table 2 Effect of COPD exacerbation on biomarkers in human sputum and serum

CCL2

462.1 ± 595.5

631.5 ± 960.4

0.52

373.6 ± 186.8

372.7 ± 227.0

1.0

CCL3

41.9 ± 27.5

58.0 ± 42.6

0.35

80.6 ± 35.8

86.7 ± 39.6

0.41

CCL4

110.8 ± 89.7

138.6 ± 116.4

0.64

128.9 ± 52.2

134.2 ± 57.3

0.64

CCL5

16.6 ± 4.0

16.9 ± 2.9

0.50

8,636 ± 2,200

8,500 ± 2,561

0.83

CCL7

16.3 ± 2.9

20.3 ± 11.5

0.44

61.1 ± 38.9

73.6 ± 56.9

0.40

CCL8

Not detected

Not detected

15.5 ± 3.8

16.5 ± 7.6

0.89

CCL11

Not detected

Not detected

79.7 ± 41.1

67.8 ± 56.7

0.06

CRP

8355 ± 12659

43812 ± 58313

0.004

0.58 ± 0.40 mg/L

6.37 ± 7.50 mg/L

0.0005

CXCL9

748.4 ± 863.8

641.5 ± 765.7

0.97

75.2 ± 32.8

84.9 ± 32.7

0.22

CXCL10

150.1 ± 101.2

568.4 ± 799.5

0.20

40.7 ± 8.9

67.8 ± 76.2

0.30

ENA-78

1544 ± 2243

573.5 ± 814.7

0.43

366.4 ± 278.8

435.6 ± 340.5

0.73

E-Selectin

Not detected

Not detected

4.5x10⁴ ± 1.9x10

4.9x10⁴ ± 1.7x10⁴

0.72

GDF-15

ND

ND

1,806 ± 1,558

2,295 ± 1,527

0.03

GRO-α

65.1 ± 72.5

52.7 ± 47.0

0.76

34.8 ± 31.1

43.7 ± 42.7

0.23

sICAM-1

1,370 ± 1,256

1,135 ± 1,118

0.81

2.6x10⁵ ± 1.1x10⁵

3.5x10⁵ ± 1.0x10⁵

0.004

IFN-α

Not detected

Not detected

Not detected

Not detected

IFN-β

Not detected

Not detected

802.9 ± 1096

1015.7 ± 1376

0.13

IFN-γ

Not detected

Not detected

Not detected

Not detected

IL-1β

20.3 ± 29.7

309.2 ± 567.2

0.15

Not detected

Not detected

IL-1R1

ND

ND

Not detected

Not detected

IL-1R2

ND

ND

Not detected

Not detected

IL-1ra

34.9 ± 70

36.2 ± 54.7

0.43

Not detected

Not detected

IL-6

117.1 ± 108.2

225.9 ± 193.5

0.16

11.9 ± 16.0

43.7 ± 103.6

0.21

sIL-6R

Not detected

Not detected

3.8x10⁴ ± 1.3x10⁴

4.0x10⁴ ± 2.2x10⁴

0.90

IL-8

3.7x10⁶ ± 2.6x10⁶

5.5x10⁶ ± 4.3x10⁶

0.16

33.7 ± 27.3

56.6 ± 40.0

0.16

IL-10

6.6 ± 4.7

27.6 ± 79.3

0.85

156.1 ± 299

260.0 ± 392

0.04

IL-15

Not detected

Not detected

0.7 ± 0.1

5.2 ± 5.0

0.004

IL-17

Not detected

Not detected

Not detected

Not detected

IL-18

40.7 ± 57.6

57.6 ± 100.3

0.99

20.9 ± 9.7

27.2 ± 13.3

0.18

IL-23 p19

Not detected

Not detected

Not detected

Not detected

MMP-9

ND

ND

8.1x10⁵ ± 4.8x10⁵

10.8x10⁵ ± 5.9x10⁵

0.37

MMP-12

9,758 ± 21,460

10,129 ± 19,529

0.85

ND

ND

MPO

2.0x10⁵ ± 1.2x10⁵

2.5x10⁵ ± 0.6x10⁵

0.46

6.05x10⁵ ± 4.4x10⁵

5.6x10⁵ ± 4.3x10⁵

0.70

TIMP-1

381.4 ± 66.3

280.7 ± 72.9

0.016

8,973 ± 2,847

9,769 ± 2,185

0.42

TIMP-2

60.5 ± 26.1

116.9 ± 63.0

0.031

8,508 ± 13,251

8,958 ± 7,733

0.66

TIMP-3

Not detected

Not detected

1,488 ± 979

1,313 ± 794

0.83

TIMP-4

Not detected

Not detected

155.2 ± 69.3

125.1 ± 51.8

0.42

TNF-α

ND

ND

10.7 ± 5.8

16.9 ± 23.1

0.31

sTNFR1

14,681 ± 29,002

8,669 ± 15,039

0.96

1,829 ± 979

2,011 ± 570

0.27

sTNFR2

4,692 ± 6,700

9,140 ± 15,732

0.38

9,881 ± 5,189

10,488 ± 4,189

0.45

sVCAM-1

ND

ND

1.4x10⁶ ± 0.4x10⁶

1.8x10⁶ ± 0.3x10⁶

0.014

VEGF

Not detected

Not detected

Not detected

Not detected