Figure 3

Sagittal plane joint moment mean ensemble curves for the stance phase of gait for the: A) ankle, B) knee, and C) hip. Positive values represent plantarflexion and extension. Peak joint moments are shown in the bar graphs for the healthy controls rest (solid gray), healthy controls no rest (striped gray), COPD rest (solid black), and COPD no rest (striped black). Note: ^ indicates a significant (P < 0.05) main effect of condition (rest vs no rest) in the model without covariates whereas, # indicates the same main effect but in the model in which the covariates age, gender and smoking history have been added. In both models, peak knee flexion moment is increased and peak ankle plantarflexion moment is decreased in the no rest condition. ¥ indicates a significant (P < 0.05) interaction.